{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:32:59Z","timestamp":1793233979631,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/tdm\/tdmrep-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behav Brain Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Western punitive justice systems persist despite weak evidence that they reduce crime. We argue that they function as WEIRD cultural superstitions: punishment intuitively feels effective even when it fails. Drawing on Singh\u2019s framework, historical evidence of punishment\u2019s dominance origins, and our own experiments, we show how subjective selection sustains maladaptive punitive institutions \u2013 ultimately raising the question,\n                    <jats:italic>intuitively effective to whom?<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x25104469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:17:13Z","timestamp":1783682233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Western jurisprudence and criminal justice systems as superstitious belief"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-909X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raihan","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3523-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tage","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01892"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref2","volume-title":"Recidivism of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012: A 5-year follow-up period (2012\u20132017)","author":"Durose","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref16","volume-title":"Deterrence and the death penalty","author":"Nagin","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(00)00071-4"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021867"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(04)00005-4"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2508479122"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105604108"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183665"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20429\/aujh.2018.080107"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.06.007"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0724-1"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-014-9222-9"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127333"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2008.02.009"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref17","first-page":"16","article-title":"The history of policing in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Potter","year":"2013","journal-title":"EKU School of Justice Studies"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415137a"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Restorative justice conferencing (RJC) using face-to-face meetings of offenders and victims: Effects on offender recidivism and victim satisfaction. A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Strang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Campbell Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20141147"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref22","first-page":"46","article-title":"Incentives matter: The not-so-civil side of civil forfeiture","author":"Sheth","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEDERAL LAW"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/pqem7"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref20","first-page":"418","article-title":"Social dominance theory","volume":"2","author":"Sidanius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology"},{"key":"S0140525X25104469_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/670398"}],"container-title":["Behavioral and Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0140525X25104469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0140525X25104469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:10:19Z","timestamp":1793232619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0140525X25104469\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S0140525X25104469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x25104469","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-525X","1469-1825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-525X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}],"article-number":"e286"}}