{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:55:24Z","timestamp":1790952924836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":274,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behav Brain Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Haueis and Cola\u00e7o point out that mammalian brains are much more energy efficient than AI supercomputers because the former use orders of magnitude less energy. I argue this issue is more nuanced, and the \u201cefficiency\u201d is scale dependent. Contrary to popular belief, I show that the human brain uses much more energy per operation than the most powerful AI supercomputers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x26106141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:25:52Z","timestamp":1790951152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy cost per operation in brains and AI hardware: What is more efficient?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5560-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Karbowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warsaw"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.76.060805.160029"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref4","unstructured":"Intel Newsroom. (2024). Intel builds world\u2019s largest neuromorphic system to enable more sustainable AI. https:\/\/newsroom.intel.com\/artificial-intelligence\/intel-builds-worlds-largest-neuromorphic-system-to-enable-more-sustainable-ai."},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00009"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033425"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-009-0153-7"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/236"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3192"},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref8","unstructured":"Larsh, L. , Siddique, R. , & Banad, S. S. Y. M. (2025). Ultra-low-power spiking neurons in 7 nm FinFET technology: A comparative analysis of leaky integrate-and-fire, Morris-Lecar, and axon-hillock architectures. Arxiv:2505.03764."},{"key":"S0140525X26106141_ref11","unstructured":"Science and Technology Review (2024). Introducing El Capitan. https:\/\/str.llnl.gov\/str-december-2024\/introducing-el-capitan."}],"container-title":["Behavioral and Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0140525X26106141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:25:54Z","timestamp":1790951154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0140525X26106141\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["S0140525X26106141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x26106141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-525X","1469-1825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-525X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}],"article-number":"e465"}}