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We highlight how individual innovation can be decomposed into a coordinated set of cognitive processes that leverage structured representations of the environment. These shared representations also turn observation into inference, supporting both richer transmission and richer learning from others. The synergy between directed innovation and social transmission paves the way for broader social tinkering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x2610661x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1789725813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The cognitive scaffolding of tinkering: Directed innovation and strategic social transmission"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3473-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute: Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institute: Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0140525X2610661X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.1.23"},{"key":"S0140525X2610661X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.12.014"},{"key":"S0140525X2610661X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.02.028"},{"key":"S0140525X2610661X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02035-y"},{"key":"S0140525X2610661X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultner, D. , P\u00e4rnamets, P. , Yarmolenko, E. , & Lindstr\u00f6m, B. 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