{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:44:48Z","timestamp":1786999488947,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Psycholinguistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examined fingerspelling accuracy and error patterns in deaf American Sign Language (ASL) signers and written spelling in hearing English speakers to investigate how orthographic representations are shaped by phonological, visual, and motor encoding strategies. Deaf participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 39) completed a fingerspelling repetition task, while hearing participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 35) completed a written dictation task using the same word and pseudoword stimuli. While overall accuracy did not differ significantly between groups, deaf participants exhibited qualitatively distinct error patterns, including higher rates of deletions and transpositions, compared to hearing participants who made more substitution errors. Deaf participants also produced more pronunciation-violating errors. Notably, they showed greater accuracy in preserving geminate (double letter) segments, highlighting enhanced sensitivity to letter identity and quantity, likely supported by the explicit visual-motor representation of geminates in fingerspelling. Additionally, deaf participants showed no difference in accuracy between real words and pseudowords, indicating that fingerspelling strategies generalized beyond stored lexical forms. We interpret these findings in light of graphemic buffer constraints, motoric fluency pressures, and the structural affordances of the fingerspelling system. Visually based encoding strategies can support robust orthographic representations for those who rely less on speech-based phonological coding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0142716426100617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:00:50Z","timestamp":1778227250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orthographic representations in American Sign Language fingerspelling"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zed","family":"Sehyr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0452jzg20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chapman University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Fillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0452jzg20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chapman University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiana","family":"Billot-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Emmorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sspcl.4"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1998.2583"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref20","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Language: Research, Policy, and Practice","author":"Keane","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5269-0"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2010.03.013"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.15.5.971"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.1985.0011"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018366"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007917929226"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref32","unstructured":"Quinto-Pozos, D. (2010). Rates of fingerspelling in American sign language. Poster presented at 10th Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research conference, West Lafayette, Indiana."},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207160"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(90)90047-N"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-022-10335-w"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr051"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages7040278"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139610"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299408251979"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675717000124"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000021"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02463"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980343000396"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw068"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.12.1.02ger"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enab004"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.528480"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2021.1914015"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref21","unstructured":"Keane, J. , Brentari, D. , & Riggle, J. (2012). Coarticulation in ASL fingerspelling. Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society, 42."},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110198850.35"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004276"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref18","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Hepner","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.06.052"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5269-0_2"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(83)90009-4"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm003"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410601513"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enz049"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2014.880676"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref30","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children","author":"Padden","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0142716426100617_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0003"}],"container-title":["Applied Psycholinguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0142716426100617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:00:55Z","timestamp":1778227255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0142716426100617\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0142716426100617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0142716426100617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-7164","1469-1817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-7164","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e18"}}