{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:21:16Z","timestamp":1759335676668},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420156800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10473,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty subjects participated in a study of four handwashing agents evaluated for their efficacy in removing non-transient bacteria: 70% isopropanol, 0.05% stabilized iodine, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 1% para-chloro-meta-xylenol. Each subject performed a non-medicated handwash to remove transient flora. Afterwards, three consecutive experimental handwashes were performed using a 10-second contact time, and a fourth handwash employed a 1-minute contact time. Quantitative post-handwash cultures were obtained using the sterile bag technique incorporating an effective agent neutralizer. Significant mean log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>reductions were documented for chlorhexidine gluconate, but only after the third (P=.05) and fourth (p=.004) handwash; however, the total log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>reduction was less than 1.0 for any single agent.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Subsequently, three evaporative handwash agents, including 70% isopropanol, 0.5% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropanol, and a 60% isopropanol formulation containing evaporative retardants, were tested in 14 subjects. Contact time was prolonged to the point of evaporation prior to culturing. Four consecutive post-handwash cultures were obtained after performing a baseline pre-handwash culture. When compared with the other two evaporative agents, the 60% isopropanol formulation demonstrated significant mean log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>reductions for each handwash (p \u2264 .03), with a total log10 reduction of 2.9 over all four handwashes (p=.0001). The brief contact time incorporated in our handwashing technique reflects clinical usage patterns. The marked bacterial reduction demonstrated by the 60% isopropanol formulation warrants further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0195941700064195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T04:56:30Z","timestamp":1470200190000},"page":"268-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Efficacy of Several New Handwashing Agents for Removing Non-Transient Bacterial Flora from Hands"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Allan J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Gratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Cabezudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard 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