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Studies designed to determine how a PDA contributes to an infant's morbidity or when a PDA becomes a persistently patent ductus arteriosus have been hampered by the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria for defining the condition. Ellison et al. (22) attempted to evaluate several commonly used criteria for diagnosing a large leftto-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus by noting the occurrence of each sign both before and 36\u201348 hours after surgical ligation. No single criterion sufficed as an indicator of PDA. Certain signs, such as continuous murmur or hyperactive left ventricular impulse, were specific for a PDA, but lacked sensitivity; conversely, M-mode echocardiography and ventilatory support criteria were very sensitive but lacked specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026646230001254x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T11:59:22Z","timestamp":1236686362000},"page":"70-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent Patent Ductus Arteriosus"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ronald I.","family":"Clyman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80022-5"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1978.tb02446.x"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.3.364","article-title":"Evaluation of the preterm infant for patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"71","author":"Ellison","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref016","first-page":"640","article-title":"Cytochrome P 450 linked menooxygenase: Involvement in the lamb ductus arteriosus","volume":"246","author":"Coceani","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.68.2.433"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80557-4"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref010","first-page":"64","article-title":"Ductus arteriosus: current theories of prenatal and postnatal regulation","volume":"11","author":"Clyman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref005","first-page":"167","article-title":"Abnormal diastolic cardiac function following indomethacin therapy of patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"20","author":"Appleton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref003","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effect of the ductus arteriosus on water and protein leaks in the premature lung","volume":"36","author":"Alpan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Research"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref001","first-page":"250","article-title":"Indomethacin therapy in infants with advanced postnatal age and patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"9","author":"Achanti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clinical and Investigative Medicine"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref017","volume-title":"Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome: Effect of antenatal dexamethasone administration","year":"1985"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198003133021103"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref061","first-page":"361","article-title":"Effects of \u201cprophylactic\u201d i.v. indomethacin in VLBW infants with HMD","volume":"20","author":"Sola","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref013","first-page":"415","article-title":"Effects of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on the ductus arteriosus of preterm lambs","volume":"241","author":"Clyman","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198101000-00005"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90023-9"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05775.x"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80719-6"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref038","first-page":"323","article-title":"Decreased plasma glucose following indomethacin therapy in small prematures with PDA","volume":"17","author":"Lilien","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref050","first-page":"358","article-title":"Prophylactic indomethacin for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"19","author":"Puckett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80910-X"},{"key":"S026646230001254X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.3.588","article-title":"Guinea pig ductus arteriosus. 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