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In this paper, we provide a natural definition of structural causality in cross-section and panel data and forge a direct link between Granger (<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\u2013) causality and structural causality under a key conditional exogeneity assumption. To put it simply, when structural effects are well defined and identifiable,<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\u2013non-causality follows from structural noncausality, and with suitable conditions (e.g., separability or monotonicity), structural causality also implies<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\u2013causality. This justifies using tests of<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\u2013non-causality to test for structural noncausality under the key conditional exogeneity assumption for both cross-section and panel data. We pay special attention to heterogeneous populations, allowing both structural heterogeneity and distributional heterogeneity. Most of our results are obtained for the general case, without assuming linearity, monotonicity in observables or unobservables, or separability between observed and unobserved variables in the structural relations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0266466616000086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T08:22:29Z","timestamp":1458202949000},"page":"263-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["GRANGER CAUSALITY AND STRUCTURAL CAUSALITY IN CROSS-SECTION AND PANEL DATA"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Xun","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangjun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halbert","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0266466616000086_ref80","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Settable systems: An extension of Pearl\u2019s causal model with optimization, equilibrium, and learning","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"S0266466616000086_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00153"},{"key":"S0266466616000086_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"S0266466616000086_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07474938.2012.690664"},{"key":"S0266466616000086_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su L. , Shi Z. , & Phillips P.C.B. 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