{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:25:30Z","timestamp":1762763130119,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci Context"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Argument<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article explores the dispute between the philosopher Immanuel Kant and the physician Johann Daniel Metzger over the moral autonomy of individuals with mental illness. Situating the debate within the broader context of the evolving philosophical and medical professions in eighteenth-century Germany, the article examines how a professional conflict emerged over who \u2013 the physician or the philosopher \u2013 should serve as the legal authority in cases where moral responsibility was in question. The analysis shows that this was not merely a theoretical issue for Kant, but a practical one, brought to the fore by the infanticide trial of Margarethe Kaveczynska, in which Kant\u2019s friend, Theodor Gottlieb Hippel, presided as judge. The article argues that while Kant\u2019s vision for the practical application of his anthropology influenced his conception of moral autonomy, he ultimately lost ground to the rising authority of the medical profession.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269889725100690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T04:53:55Z","timestamp":1756702435000},"page":"275-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conflicting minds: Immanuel Kant, Johann Daniel Metzger, and the debate about forensic psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Gerlings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Martin-Luther-Universit\u00e4t Halle-Wittenberg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527289"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mks-1937-280401"},{"volume-title":"On the Law of Nature and Nations","year":"1710","author":"Pufendorf","key":"S0269889725100690_ref93"},{"volume-title":"Of the Nature and Qualification of Religion, in Reference to Civil Society","year":"1698","author":"Pufendorf","key":"S0269889725100690_ref92"},{"volume-title":"Lehrs\u00e4tze zu einer empirischen Psychologie","year":"1805","author":"Metzger","key":"S0269889725100690_ref87"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref1","unstructured":"Alberti, Michaelis . 1725. Systema jurisprudentiae medicae, quo casus forenses a jctis et medicis decidendi, explicantur omniumque facultatum sententiis confirmantur, in partem dogmaticam et practicam partitum, casibus, relationibus, judiciis, responsis et defensionibus juridicis et medicis forensibus specialibus illustratum, in usum jurisprudentiae & medicinae, seorsim judicorum civilium et ecclesiasticorum directum, et cum praefatione Christiani Thomasii etc. Indiceque reali instructum. Halle: Orphanotropheum. Allgemeines Landrecht f\u00fcr die Preu\u00dfischen Staaten [ALR]. 1794. Berlin."},{"volume-title":"Systematisches Handbuch der gerichtlichen Psychologie: F\u00fcr Medicinalbeamte, Richter und Vertheidiger","year":"1835","author":"Friedreich","key":"S0269889725100690_ref38"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110927153.423"},{"volume-title":"Kant, Herder, and the Birth of Anthropology","year":"2002","author":"Zammito","key":"S0269889725100690_ref112"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139052405.002"},{"volume-title":"Dictionaire Encyclopedique des Sciences M\u00e9dicales","year":"1865","author":"Dechambre","key":"S0269889725100690_ref30"},{"volume-title":"In Practical Philosophy, 37\u2013108","year":"1996","author":"Kant","key":"S0269889725100690_ref58"},{"volume-title":"\u00dcber die b\u00fcrgerliche Verbesserung der Weiber","year":"1792","author":"Hippel","key":"S0269889725100690_ref44"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13109\/9783666357213"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref20","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Preussen und die revolution\u00e4re Herausforderung seit 1789","author":"Bourel","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230280779"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/293520"},{"volume-title":"Grunds\u00e4tze der nat\u00fcrlichen Rechtswissenschaft nebst einer Geschichte derselben","year":"1797","author":"Klein","key":"S0269889725100690_ref70"},{"key":"S0269889725100690_ref18","first-page":"80","article-title":"Naturrecht, Politische \u00d6konomie und Geschichte der Menschheit. 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