{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:01:05Z","timestamp":1785427265129,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci Context"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Argument<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This article examines a fundamental transformation in thirteenth-century theory of science by tracing the shifting role of the\n                    <jats:italic>subiectum scientiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in scholastic theology. While Aristotelian epistemics defined a science through a unitary subject conceived as a logical genus, medieval debates\u2014especially within the Parisian university context\u2014revealed increasing tensions when applying this framework to theology. Focusing on key figures such as Robert Kilwardby, Thomas Aquinas, and Giles of Rome, the article reconstructs an epistemological turn whereby the subject of science was progressively reinterpreted in relation to the intellect and its objects. Kilwardby\u2019s essentialist redefinition of the subject as a unified nature laid the groundwork for this development. Aquinas advanced it further by integrating the notion of\n                    <jats:italic>obiectum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and emphasizing the role of the intellect, introducing a dual account in which both subject and formal object contribute to the unity of a science. The decisive shift occurs in Giles of Rome, who effectively collapses the distinction by identifying the subject with the principal object of cognition, thereby centering epistemology on the relation between intellect and object. This reorientation foregrounded the limits of human cognition and intensified debates about the scientific status of theology, particularly in contrast to divine and beatific knowledge. The article argues that these developments culminate in an emergent notion of \u201csubjective science,\u201d wherein the identity and validity of scientific knowledge become inseparable from the capacities of the knowing subject. This medieval trajectory, far from being anachronistic, offers a historically grounded account of the epistemic conditions that anticipate later conceptions of subjectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026988972610101x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T09:50:13Z","timestamp":1782208213000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The subject is the object: On the emergence of subjective science in thirteenth-century theology"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"W\u00f6ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Copenhagen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref33","volume-title":"La condamnation parisienne de 1277: Nouvelle \u00e9dition du texte latin, traduction, introduction et commentaire","author":"Pich\u00e9","year":"1999"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref3","first-page":"1233","volume-title":"Vocabulaire europ\u00e9en des philosophies: Dictionnaire des intraduisibles","author":"Balibar","year":"2004"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref17","volume-title":"Quodlibet XII: quaestiones 1-30","author":"Decorte","year":"1987"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref8","volume-title":"Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis I","author":"Denifle","year":"1889"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref25","first-page":"397","article-title":"Una nuova questione di Egidio Romano \u2018De subiecto theologiae\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Luna","year":"1990","journal-title":"Freiburger Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Philosophie und Theologie"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004235991_006"},{"key":"S026988972610101X_ref19","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Aufbruch\u2014Wandel\u2014Erneuerung: Beitr\u00e4ge zur \u201cRenaissance\u201d des 12. 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