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Eight preschoolers, diagnosed with phonological delay, were assigned to treatment to experimentally induce gains in expressive phonology. Erred sounds were taught using stimulus words that varied orthogonally in neighborhood density and word frequency as the independent variables. Generalization was the dependent variable, defined as production accuracy of treated and untreated (erred) sounds. Blocked comparisons showed that dense neighborhoods triggered greater generalization, but frequency did not have a clear differential effect. Orthogonal comparisons revealed graded effects, with frequent words from dense neighborhoods being optimal for generalization. The results contrast with prior literature, which has reported a sparse neighborhood advantage for children with phonological delay. There is a suggestion that children with phonological delay require greater than usual cue redundancy and convergence to prompt expressive phonological learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000911000304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T15:31:36Z","timestamp":1324308696000},"page":"804-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Density, frequency and the expressive phonology of children with phonological delay"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"JUDITH A.","family":"GIERUT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHELE L.","family":"MORRISETTE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197166"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1993.1015"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195594"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00081-0"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.3.484"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(85)90037-8"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690961003787609"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref049","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition","author":"Peters","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref048","volume-title":"Sizing up the Hoosier Mental Lexicon: Measuring the familiarity of 20,000 words (Progress report no. 10)","author":"Nusbaum","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/061)"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref044","first-page":"67","volume-title":"From sound to sense: 50+ years of discoveries in speech communication","author":"Morrisette","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0305000911000304_ref043","unstructured":"Morrisette M. 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