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An implicit learning deficit would hinder detection of such dependencies, which mark grammatical relations (e.g. between \u2018is\u2019 and \u2018-ing\u2019 in \u2018she is happily singing\u2019). In a head-turn experiment with infants aged 1;6, family risk and typically developing infants were exposed to one of two novel languages containing dependencies of the type a-X-c, b-X-d or a-X-d, b-X-c, with fixed first and third elements and twenty-four different X elements. During test, typically developing children listened longer to ungrammatical strings (i.e. that did not correspond to their training language). However, family-risk children did not discriminate between grammatical and ungrammatical strings, indicating deficient implicit learning. The implications of these findings in relation to dyslexia and other language-based disorders are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000912000098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,5]],"date-time":"2012-12-05T17:22:43Z","timestamp":1354728163000},"page":"11-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Non-adjacent dependency learning in infants at familial risk of dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"ANNEMARIE","family":"KERKHOFF","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ELISE","family":"DE BREE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MAARTJE","family":"DE KLERK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FRANK","family":"WIJNEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000912000098_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.061093"},{"key":"S0305000912000098_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.02.003"},{"key":"S0305000912000098_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15473341lld0204_3"},{"key":"S0305000912000098_ref53","volume-title":"De Klepel. 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