{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:01Z","timestamp":1786999561921,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Child Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Indirect answers are a common type of non-literal language that do not provide an explicit \u201cyes\u201d or \u201cno\u201d to a question (e.g., \u201cI have to work late\u201d indirectly answered \u201cAre you going to the party?\u201d with a negative response). In the current study, we\u00a0examined the developmental trajectory of comprehension of indirect answers among 5- to 10-year-old children with typical development.\u00a0Forty-eight children, 23 boys and 25 girls, between the ages of 5 years; 0 months and 10 years; 11 months (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0= 8;2,\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0= 19.77 months) completed an experimental task to judge whether a verbally presented indirect answer meant yes or no (Comprehension Task) and then explain their choice (Explanation Task). Responses were scored for accuracy and coded for error analysis.\u00a0On the Comprehension Task, the 5- to 8-year-olds\u00a0performed with approximately 85% accuracy, while the 9- and 10-year-olds achieved 95% accuracy. On the Explanation Task, the cross-sectional trajectory revealed three stages: the 5- and 6-year-olds adequately explained indirect answers 32%\u00a0of the time, the 7- and 8-year-olds performed significantly higher at 55%, and the 9- and 10-year-olds made significant gains than the younger children at 66%. Error analysis revealed that when children fail to interpret speaker intentions appropriately, they\u00a0repeat the speaker\u2019s utterance or provide an insufficient explanation\u00a080% of the time. Other responses, such as those irrelevant to the context, indicating \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d or no response, or that were made-up interpretations each accounted for 2%-10% of total inadequate explanations.\u00a0Study\u00a0findings indicate discrepancies between task performances and offer two separate sets of baseline data for future comparisons that investigate comprehension or explanation of indirect answers by children with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds and by those with varying cognitive and language profiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000923000442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T03:35:26Z","timestamp":1693366526000},"page":"526-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehension of indirect answers: Developmental trajectory for preschool- and early elementary school-aged children with typical development"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6682-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"HUANG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizbeth H.","family":"FINESTACK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000923000442_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2012.638856"},{"key":"S0305000923000442_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327647JCD010204"},{"key":"S0305000923000442_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1997-597"},{"key":"S0305000923000442_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.05.017"},{"key":"S0305000923000442_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrehumbert, J. , & Hirschberg, J. 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