{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:09:17Z","timestamp":1790039357990,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["895-2017-1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["895-2017-1009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Child Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Arabic development of Syrian refugee children (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0133; mean age = 9;4 at Time 1) was examined over 3 time periods during their first five years in Canada. Children were administered sentence repetition and receptive vocabulary tasks in English and Arabic, and information about age-of-arrival (AOA), schooling in Arabic and language environment factors was obtained via parent report. Older AOA was associated with superior Arabic abilities across time, but regardless of AOA, children showed plateau\/attrition patterns in Arabic and shifts to English dominance by Time 3. Increases in English over Arabic were observed for language use at home and language-rich activities overtime. Stronger Arabic Time 3 outcomes were predicted by more Arabic and less English use with siblings, more schooling in Arabic, more frequent listening-speaking and extra-curricular activities in Arabic, and more Arabic use with friends. We conclude that the heritage language can be vulnerable even for first-generation bilinguals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000924000679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T01:02:36Z","timestamp":1736470956000},"page":"411-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The role of age of arrival and language environment factors in Arabic heritage language development: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanne","family":"Paradis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Soto-Corominas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Daskalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Redab","family":"Al Janaideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Institute for Studies in Education\/University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gottardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000924000679_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-030521-050236"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r28","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.7.3. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r1","volume-title":"Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity","author":"Albirini","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2018.00040"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025414533224"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r15","volume-title":"The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672892200030X"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.5.366"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r5","volume-title":"The Arabic Language Assessment Battery","author":"Assadi","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages6010027"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716423000401"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r44","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Internal and external factors in heritage language acquisition: Evidence from heritage Russian in Israel","volume":"5","author":"Rodina","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728914000728"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r20","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Handbook of early literacy research","volume":"3","author":"Hammer","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r45","volume-title":"The educational and mental health needs of Syrian refugee children","author":"Sirin","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12398"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1944-9720.2010.01118.x"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13670050.2017.1324403"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006916654355"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages6010051"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000079"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716420000399"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110759587-007"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r22","unstructured":"Immigration, Refugees and Canada, Citizenship (2023). Syrian Refugees \u2013 Monthly updates. Retrieved from https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/01c85d28-2a81-4295-9c06-4af792a7c209 on November 14, 2023."},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.071"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728922000438"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006917728395"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.16015.jia"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-17-0086"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12137"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006916654368"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10489223.2016.1234620"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.495"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/flang.2023.1230408"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r33","volume-title":"The acquisition of heritage languages","author":"Montrul","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0305000924000679_r49","article-title":"The impact of L1 literacy on the production of verbal passives by school-age Spanish heritage speakers","volume":"3","author":"Armstrong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}