{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:14:27Z","timestamp":1785428067149,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDG 430-2020-01113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDG 430-2020-01113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Child Lang."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examines cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in the production of\n                    <jats:italic>wh<\/jats:italic>\n                    -questions by child heritage speakers of Mandarin aged 6;9 to 16;2\u00a0years in Canada. The form of CLI addressed is\n                    <jats:italic>wh<\/jats:italic>\n                    -fronting in Mandarin object-questions (where fronting is ungrammatical) and\n                    <jats:italic>when<\/jats:italic>\n                    -questions (where fronting is dispreferred). Our goals were, first, to determine whether the children front more frequently relative to their mothers; and second, to determine the impact of structural overlap between languages (operationalized by question type), relative language dominance, and age on the rate of children\u2019s fronting. Results show that the children front more frequently, and in more contexts, than do their mothers, indicating CLI. Structural overlap increased the likelihood of fronting for only some children, whereas greater dominance in English increased the likelihood of fronting for the group. Age did not correlate with changes in rates of fronting, indicating that CLI may sometimes reflect permanent divergence from the parental grammar.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000926100609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1776333825000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of cross-linguistic influence in school-age child and adolescent heritage speakers: The case of\n                    <i>wh<\/i>\n                    -fronting in Mandarin"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4168-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera Yunxiao","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Daskalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Bou-Lai","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanne","family":"Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000926100609_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069241229392"},{"key":"S0305000926100609_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672890000033X"},{"key":"S0305000926100609_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620744"},{"key":"S0305000926100609_r9","first-page":"634","article-title":"Path and rate of development in child heritage speakers: Evidence from Greek subject\/object form and placement","volume":"27","author":"Daskalaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of 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