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Child Lang."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examines how late adolescent Mandarin-English heritage speakers (HSs) process different types of Mandarin pronouns in real time and how individual differences in cognitive and experiential factors modulate this process. Using a web-based visual world eye-tracking paradigm, we tested the interpretation of pronominals (\n                    <jats:italic>ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), simplex reflexives (\n                    <jats:italic>ziji<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and complex reflexives (\n                    <jats:italic>taziji<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which differ in their reliance on narrow syntax versus syntax-discourse-semantic integration. At the group level,\n                    <jats:italic>taziji<\/jats:italic>\n                    was interpreted locally, while\n                    <jats:italic>ziji<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    were interpreted as referring to long-distance (LD) antecedents. Working memory and inhibition modulated the processing of\n                    <jats:italic>ziji<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas only current heritage language (HL) exposure influenced the processing of\n                    <jats:italic>taziji.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings indicate that domain-general cognitive resources are recruited during the resolution of pronouns involving LD and interface-level dependencies, while narrow syntactic structures are more sensitive to variation in language exposure. The results point to structural asymmetries in how cognitive and experiential factors affect real-time HL pronoun resolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000926100828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:35:07Z","timestamp":1782722107000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["To bind or not to bind: Individual differences in pronominal processing among adolescent Mandarin-English heritage speakers"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiuzhou","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nrxwf90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Edinburgh"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wge5k78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UiT The Arctic University of 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