{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:32:33Z","timestamp":1786350753090,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Child Lang."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To communicate effectively, speakers must monitor and refine their utterances based on what their interlocutors know. Young children\u2019s use of the contrastive marker\n                    <jats:italic>but<\/jats:italic>\n                    offers a window into this ability. Using longitudinal transcripts, we examined how seven children (ages 2\u20135) used\n                    <jats:italic>but<\/jats:italic>\n                    to clarify messages in everyday conversations. We coded 1,446 utterances to identify clarifications addressing gaps in listener knowledge. Children rarely used\n                    <jats:italic>but<\/jats:italic>\n                    for clarification at age 2, with marked increases between ages 2 and 3. By age 3, children often used\n                    <jats:italic>but<\/jats:italic>\n                    to provide privileged information in response to adults\u2019 knowledge-gap cues. These findings raise questions about the role of conversational experience in the development of children\u2019s mentalising abilities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000926100920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:21:00Z","timestamp":1786350060000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Young Children Use the Discourse Marker \u201cBut\u201d to Provide Clarifications in Everyday Conversations"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4726-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"De la Vi\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Chunxiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vek6s52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Harvard University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ronfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0305000926100920_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01098.x"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2012.01181.x"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128416"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2025.2492021"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15475440802293490"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r9","unstructured":"Choi, I. (2007). How and when do children acquire the use of discourse markers? CamLing, 40\u201347."},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00337.x"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000915000616"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000911000432"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020727"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900008072"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2017.1336438"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12269"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r36","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r24","volume-title":"The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk: The database","author":"MacWhinney","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037224"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2018.1455584"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r12","volume-title":"An introduction to generalized linear models","author":"Dobson","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01098.x"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r15","unstructured":"Gamer, M. , Lemon, J. , Fellows, I. , & Singh, P. (2019). irr: Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement (R package version 0.84.1). https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=irr"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2022.101199"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r39","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Access to language and cognitive development","author":"Slaughter","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000075"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2008.07.002"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r37","volume-title":"Discourse markers","author":"Schiffrin","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2004.03.001"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539209544821"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723706064834"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r23","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2025). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (Version 1.11.0) [R package]. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2023.101597"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12862"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1038-5"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(77)80021-2"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131839"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900002610"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r14","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13270"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10096-006"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2016.11.005"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r33","unstructured":"OpenAI. (2026). ChatGPT (GPT-5.5 thinking) [Large language model]. https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r35","first-page":"445","article-title":"On the threshold of the storyrealm: Semantic versus pragmatic use of connectives in narratives","volume":"37","author":"Peterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r8","volume-title":"A first language: The early stages","author":"Brown","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151005X82901"},{"key":"S0305000926100920_r46","unstructured":"Yang, Q. T. , Jeffries, I. E. , Zheng, I. , & Harris, P. L. (2025). Young children endorse first-person over second-person claims concerning mental states. In Society for research in child development biennial meeting [Poster presentation]. Minneapolis, MN."}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0305000926100920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:21:05Z","timestamp":1786350065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0305000926100920\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0305000926100920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0305000926100920","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-0009","1469-7602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-0009","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}