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Although age of onset, anatomical distribution and family history are key elements of the investigation of dystonia, classification increasingly relies on etiologic and genetic criteria. Physiological abnormalities in striatocortical circuits are common in dystonia but the pathophysiology is still unclear. In recent years, a great deal has been learned on the more common primary dystonias such as primary torsion dystonia and on dystonia-plus syndromes such as dopamine responsive dystonia. Treatment of dystonia has also evolved and there are now a number of therapeutic agents with clear beneficial effects including anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and botulinum toxin and there is growing interest in neurofunctional surgery including deep brain stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s031716710000322x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T15:35:03Z","timestamp":1418398503000},"page":"S34-S44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New Perspectives on Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Langlois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Richer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Chouinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.493"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.42"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref050","first-page":"375","article-title":"Molecular studies of childhood onset primary dystonias in Italy","volume":"67","author":"Garavagilia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120606"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.160"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-236"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref012","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Dystonies focales: aspects cliniques, \u00e9tiologiques et th\u00e9rapeutiques","volume":"156","author":"Tranchant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870030302"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref038","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Advances in Neurology","volume":"60","author":"Furukawa","year":"1993"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.73"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029736"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80022-1"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.547"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref016","volume-title":"Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology","volume":"78","author":"Fahn","year":"1998"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1003"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100204"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199911)46:5<761::AID-ANA12>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5173"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.8.640"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.3.218"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.8.1183"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530140106023"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref103","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Advances in Neurology","author":"Ford","year":"78"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref062","volume-title":"Fourth International Dystonia Symposium","author":"Vitek","year":"2002"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref001","first-page":"332","volume-title":"Movement Disorders","author":"Fahn","year":"1987"},{"key":"S031716710000322X_ref033","first-page":"577","article-title":"Dopa-responsive dystonia. 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