{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:38:21Z","timestamp":1791088701780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2953,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. j. neurol. sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because of a temporal correlation between the first notable signs and symptoms of autism and the routine childhood vaccination schedule, many parents have become increasingly concerned regarding the possible etiologic role vaccines may play in the development of autism. In particular, some have suggested an association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. Our literature review found very few studies supporting this theory, with the overwhelming majority showing no causal association between the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine and autism. The vaccine preservative thimerosal has alternatively been hypothesized to have a possible causal role in autism. Again, no convincing evidence was found to support this claim, nor for the use of chelation therapy in autism. With decreasing uptake of immunizations in children and the inevitable occurrence of measles outbreaks, it is important that clinicians be aware of the literature concerning vaccinations and autism so that they may have informed discussions with parents and caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s031716710000528x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T15:27:10Z","timestamp":1418398030000},"page":"341-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Immunizations and Autism: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Asif","family":"Doja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref017","unstructured":"Davis R. MMR and autism: a report for the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/vaccine_safety\/topics\/mmr\/mmr_autism_ davis.pdf. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7284.460"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.03248.x"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref018","volume-title":"\u201cRevealed: MMR reseach scandal. The Sunday Times","author":"Deer","year":"2004"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conference writing panel. Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine and Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"107","author":"Halsey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunization Conference convened at Oak Brook, Illinois"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.012"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.55.2.84"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7334.393"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/7.9.623"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref052","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 16-17 December 2002: MMR and autism. Weekly Epidemiological Record Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/wer\/2003\/en\/wer7804.pdf [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.604"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)24018-9"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref034","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Thimerosal in vaccines. Available from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cber\/vaccine\/thimerosal.htm. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.9.1183"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810305120"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1763"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02459-4"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref006","volume-title":"Red Book","year":"2003"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref050","unstructured":"Shannon M , Levy S , Sandler A. Chelation therapy neither safe nor effective as autism treatment. AAP news. 2001:63."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref055","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Disease information measles Available from: http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/tmp-pmv\/info\/measles_e.html. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref001","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1611","article-title":"Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism","volume":"80","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/6.6.387","article-title":"Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: a hypothesis only","volume":"6","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2000.1281"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02256592"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021943802493"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref054","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Immunization safety review: Vaccines and autism. Available from http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/report.asp?id=20155. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of autism: Prevalence, associated characteristics and implications for research and service delivery","volume":"000","author":"Bryson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mental Retard Dev Disab Res Rev"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086726"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref057","volume-title":"Statistical bulletin","year":"2005"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90816-1"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199807)55:3<243::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11682-5"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15715-2"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021134"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.e58"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref035","first-page":"28","article-title":"Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines used in Canadian infant immunization programs with respect to risk of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"28","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.674"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7361.419"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref033","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency Mercury study report to congress: volume IV: an assessment of exposure to mercury in the United States. Available from: www.epa.gov\/mercury. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waly M , Olteanu H , Banerjee R , Choi SW , Mason JB , Parker BS , et al. Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol Psych. 2004; 1-13.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001476"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800603"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.5.957"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref037","first-page":"R761","article-title":"Methylmercury transport across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid carrier","volume":"262","author":"Kerper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.7.628"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1177-L"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890390415"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref056","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Measles Available from: http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/dird-dimr\/vpd-mev\/measles_e.html. [Cited: 2005 Aug 24]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref053","unstructured":"Moms Against Mercury. Available from: http:\/\/www.momsagainst mercury.org\/aboutus.htm. [Cited: 2006 May 2]."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380401900606"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1039","article-title":"Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases","volume":"112","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0434"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17020-7"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.411"},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref051","unstructured":"The Times. Autistic boy, 5, dies after US therapy. August 26, 2005. Available from: (http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/article\/0,2-1751 753,00.html) Cited: October 12, 2005."},{"key":"S031716710000528X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01239-8"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences \/ Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S031716710000528X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T09:59:50Z","timestamp":1650794390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S031716710000528X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S031716710000528X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s031716710000528x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-1671","2057-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-1671","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}