{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:33:49Z","timestamp":1775666029942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1676,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. j. neurol. sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0317167100010271_abs1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a common and less understood aspect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Microembolic signals (MES) have been reported in SLE. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the frequency of MES among patients with CNS involvement and those without. The main aim of the study is to clarify the pathophysiology of the CNS involvement in SLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100010271_abs2\"><jats:title>Methods and Materials:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty eight patients with a diagnosis of SLE (60 females, 8 males) participated in the study. Both middle cerebral arteries were monitored using transcranial Doppler for 60 min to detect MES. All cases underwent neurology and psychiatry assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100010271_abs3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>MES were detected in 7\/68 patients (10.3%) with the mean number of 3.5 per hour. MES were significantly higher in patients with CNS involvement (6\/24, 25%) than those without (1\/44, 2.2%) (P=0.006). SLE disease activity index, duration of disease, plaque formation, intima-media thickness, and antiphospholipid antibodies were not associated with MES. MES were more frequent in patients receiving Aspirin and\/or Warfarin (p=0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100010271_abs4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>MES may be a predictor for CNS involvement in SLE patients at risk for neuropsychiatric syndromes. Cerebral embolism may be implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric SLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100010271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T18:41:23Z","timestamp":1417545683000},"page":"371-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microembolic Signals in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud Reza","family":"Azarpazhooh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naghmeh","family":"Mokhber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Orouji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Hatef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Rezaieyazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Sedighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Foroghipoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Velayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza Modares","family":"Gharavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047970"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref017","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral microemboli in systemic lupus erythematosus: transcranial Doppler","volume":"28","author":"Kron","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230411"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.084285"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.05.013"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540270063020"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2005.12.026"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339700600804"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096120399678847344"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(95)00110-2"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03032-2"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48400.x"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.6.1123"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref001","first-page":"47","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Sibley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb07364.x"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-4-200602210-00006"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.496"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350606"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80009-B"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749609069986"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.032813"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref023","volume-title":"Handbook of psychological assessment","author":"Groth-Marnat","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/030097402320318369"},{"key":"S0317167100010271_ref026","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals","volume":"28","author":"Markus","year":"1997","journal-title":"A multicenter international study. 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