{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:54:00Z","timestamp":1778860440521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":761,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Neurol. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0317167100015663_abs1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are inflammatory demyelinating diseases of human central nervous system (CNS) with complex pathogenesis. IL-21\/IL-21R regulates activation, proliferation and survival of both T cells and B cells, which are involved in the pathogenesis of NMO and MS. High levels of serum IL-21 were observed in NMO patients. However, concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-21 in MS and NMO patients still remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100015663_abs2\"><jats:title>Object:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To detect the CSF concentration of IL-21 in NMO and MS patients and to evaluate its relationship with disease activity, particularly concerned about its impact on humoral immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100015663_abs3\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>CSF IL-21 was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in NMO patients (n=21), MS patients (n=20) and controls (n=16).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100015663_abs4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>CSF concentration of the IL-21 was noticeably elevated in NMO (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.012) and borderline significantly increased in MS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.115). In addition, this occurrence was associated with humoral immune activity as shown by a correlation between IL-21 and complement in NMO cohort (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.023) and high IL-21 levels in autoantibody-positive subgroup (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.027).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0317167100015663_abs5\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concentration of CSF IL-21 was noticeably elevated and might have a positive correlation with humoral immune activity in NMO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100015663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T15:01:57Z","timestamp":1418396517000},"page":"813-820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-21 Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple 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