{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1760985462200},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13105,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. j. neurol. sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The few existing neuropathological, neurochemical, and neuropharacological studies have shed little light on the pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis (ST). The relevance of experimental ST in animals and drug-induced ST in man to idiopathic ST is unclear.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Most pharmacotherapeutic endeavors have focused on drugs affecting basal ganglia function. Unfortunately, problems of sample size, clinical heterogeneity of patient population, research design, objective evaluation of response, documentation of key data, and adequacy of duration of follow-up make interpretation of published results difficult. Because of the heterogeneity of ST, investigations aimed at establishing a neurotransmitter profile for each patient by observing the acute response to a test dose of drugs affecting cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and gammaaminobutyric acid systems may provide a more rational basis to the selection of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100023830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T11:33:18Z","timestamp":1469705598000},"page":"427-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Spasmodic Torticollis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Lal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.2.198"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193719330-00007"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.132.5.532","article-title":"Drug-induced dystonia","volume":"132","author":"Swett","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1967.tb02090.x"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-37-3-463"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.39.5.771","article-title":"Acute phenothiazine toxicity in childhood: a five-year survey","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000102754"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1959.16.1.0055"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.3.306"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)33357-6"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref079","first-page":"21","article-title":"Tiapride et mouvements anormaux","volume":"53","author":"Trillet","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sem. H\u00f4p. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1949.02310090002001"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref054","first-page":"423","article-title":"Note sur le traitement pratiqu\u00e9 dans un cas de torticolis spasmo-dique","volume":"71","author":"Krebs","year":"1939","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref025","first-page":"245","article-title":"Dystonia and tremor in spasmodic torticollis","volume":"14","author":"Couch","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.122.11.1293"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref034","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Tran. Am. Neurol. Ass.","volume":"79","author":"Fabing","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref067","first-page":"699","article-title":"Treatment of acute and chronic muscle spasm with diazepam","volume":"71","author":"Pernikoff","year":"1964","journal-title":"Clin. Med"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1113210"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref002","first-page":"44","article-title":"Quantitative measurements in spasmodic torticollis","volume":"35","author":"Ansari","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dis. Nerv Syst."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576205500701","article-title":"The midbrain and motor integration","volume":"55","author":"Denny-Brown","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Med."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197205252862120","article-title":"Treatment of spasmodic torticollis","volume":"286","author":"Gilbert","year":"1972","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.4.457"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(63)90157-7"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref083","first-page":"904","article-title":"Le spasme de torsion","volume":"1","author":"Wimmer","year":"1929","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.7.670"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402960"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040120016004"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref006","first-page":"203","volume-title":"In Recent Advances in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","author":"Barbeau","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.1.11"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref007","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Neurology","volume":"20","author":"Barrett","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref066","first-page":"571","volume":"98","author":"Patteron","year":"1943","journal-title":"Spasmodic torticollis"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(72)80094-7"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197107000-00025"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197205252862120","article-title":"Treatment of spasmodic torticollis","volume":"286","author":"Bigwood","year":"1972","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref060","first-page":"259","article-title":"The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer\u2019s cramp, and torticollis or axial dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Marsden","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(74)90124-7"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1961.tb00286.x"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref015","first-page":"560","article-title":"The surgical treatment of spasmodic torticollis","volume":"26","author":"Bunts","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.41.219.551"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901050204"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901020108"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6021.1343"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1977.tb07627.x"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01729787"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-193312000-00005"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.130"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref081","first-page":"491","article-title":"Parkinsonisme avec torticolis spas-modique ou avec tics buccaux","volume":"56","author":"Urechia","year":"1937","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref020","first-page":"65","article-title":"\u00c0 propos d\u2019un cas de torticolis spasmodique irr\u00e9versible, survenu au cours d\u2019un traitement par neuro-leptiques","volume":"114","author":"Chateau","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref068","first-page":"11","article-title":"Role of sensory and emotional inputs in mechanisms underlying involuntary motor activity. Modern concepts of torticollis. 1. Electromyographic analysis","volume":"11","author":"Podvinsky","year":"1969","journal-title":"Activ. Nerv. Sup"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(71)90029-8"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref073","first-page":"778","article-title":"Deux cas de syndrome dystonique et dyskin\u00e9tique cervico-c\u00e9phalique (torticolis spasmodique, retrocolis) transform\u00e9 par le 2 bismethane sulfonate de dim\u00e9thylsulfamido-3 [(m\u00e9thyl-4 \u201cpiperazinyl-l\u201d) -3 propyl] -10 ph\u00e9nothia-zine (7843RP)","volume":"100","author":"Sigwald","year":"1959","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref024","first-page":"417","article-title":"General discussion of drug-therapy in dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Couch","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92581-6"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/62.1.96"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90492-4"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1960.23.5.534"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref029","first-page":"29","article-title":"Involuntary movements other than Parkinsonism: biochemical as-pects","volume":"66","author":"Curzon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Med"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref033","first-page":"16","article-title":"Utilisation du tiapride en neurologie. R\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires","volume":"53","author":"Emile","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sem. H\u00f4p. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref030","first-page":"57","article-title":"Torticolis spasmodique cons\u00e9cutif \u00e0 une l\u00e9sion corticale traumatique. Discussion du r\u00e9sultat favorable obtenu apr\u00e8s excision de la l\u00e9sion corticale","volume":"86","author":"David","year":"1952","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770050055008"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92592-1"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900580307"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197104222841608"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1972.00490180039009"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91677-7"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.9.900"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1939.02800260014003"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000103408"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1930.tb06688.x"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114304"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114702"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.9.899"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref055","article-title":"Neuropharmacological investigation and treatment of spasmodic torticollis","author":"Lal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref059","first-page":"219","volume-title":"In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease","author":"Marsden","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.6.485"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92318-X"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290110143009"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref008","first-page":"329","article-title":"Effect of centrally acting drugs on experimental torticollis in monkeys","volume":"14","author":"Battista","year":"1976","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1949.02310090015002"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91137-3"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref074","first-page":"103","article-title":"Les mouvements anormaux observ\u00e9s au cours du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson par la L-dopa","volume":"122","author":"Sigwald","year":"1970","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.35.2.186"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500310061013"},{"key":"S0317167100023830_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.11.1151"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences \/ Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0317167100023830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T01:27:47Z","timestamp":1656898067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0317167100023830\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1979,11]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0317167100023830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100023830","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-1671","2057-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-1671","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1979,11]]}}}