{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:04:36Z","timestamp":1767899076456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8175,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can. j. neurol. sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low-intensity repetitive electrical stimulation such as dorsal column and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reportedly decreases spasticity and improves voluntary motor control. However, the mechanisms mediating these effects are unclear. Recent findings suggest that spasticity may be characterized more appropriately by a decrease in the stretch reflex threshold than by an increase in gain. Our objectives were: (1) to examine possible changes in stretch reflex excitability following 45 min of TENS, (2) to map out the time course of possible post-stimulation effects via both latency and magnitude (amplitude or area) measurements, and (3) to determine the role of segmental versus non-segmental mechanisms involved in mediating these changes. The effects of 45 min of segmentally and heterosegmentally applied TENS on lower limb reflexes in ten spastic hemiparetic subjects were contrasted with those resulting from placebo stimulation. We found that both segmentally and heterosegmentally applied TENS caused an immediate increase in soleus H reflex latencies that was evident for up to 60 minutes post-stimulation in over 75% of the subjects. Similar increases for up to 60 and 40 minutes post-stimulation was noted for the stretch reflex latencies in 50% and 67% of the subjects respectively for segmental and heterosegmental stimulation. These results suggested that manipulation of segmental and heterosegmental aff\u00e9rents for 45 min may lead to a decrease of the otherwise augmented stretch reflex excitability accompanying hemiparetic spasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100047636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1455700287000},"page":"97-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Stretch Reflex Latencies in Spastic Hemiparetic Subjects are Prolonged After Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Christina W.Y.","family":"Hui-Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mindy F.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008968"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1967.30.5.1114"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies of spasticity in man. 1","volume":"90","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"1967","journal-title":"Some features of spasticity. Brain"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)91144-7"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7063882"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460060021002"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90305-3"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref035","unstructured":"Inman VT. The joints of the ankle. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1976."},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.8.699"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.12.1145"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.1.54"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref014","first-page":"668","article-title":"Relaxation of spasticity by electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles","volume":"II","author":"Levine","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref031","first-page":"351","article-title":"Uber die Beziehungen der Sehnenreflexe zur willk\u00fcrlichen Bewegung und zum Tonus","volume":"68","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1918","journal-title":"Z Biol"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref023","first-page":"134","article-title":"Electrical spinal cord stimulation for spastic movement disorders","volume":"41","author":"Siegfried","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90091-X"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref019","first-page":"54","article-title":"Conventional and acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation excite similar afferent fibers","volume":"74","author":"Levin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref001","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Symposium synopsis","author":"Lance","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1986.10735369"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017113"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref015","first-page":"177","article-title":"Electrical treatment of spasticity","volume":"14","author":"Alfieri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref029","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary trial of carioproddal in multiple sclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Ashworth","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Practitioner"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00858718"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90119-9"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref018","first-page":"2863","article-title":"Chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Cook","year":"1973","journal-title":"NY State J Med"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref010","first-page":"915","volume-title":"Motor Control Mechanisms in Health and Disease","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref005","first-page":"565","article-title":"Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II","volume":"II","author":"Feldman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Controllable parameters of the muscle. Biophysics"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480100107"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref036","first-page":"277","article-title":"Methodology of the Hoffmann reflex in man","volume":"3","author":"Hugon","year":"1973","journal-title":"New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref012","first-page":"115","article-title":"Chronic electrical stimulation for the modification of spasticity in h\u00e9mipl\u00e9gie patients","volume":"17","author":"Stefanovska","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med Suppl"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(87)90245-7"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197784162934","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation on spinal spasticity","volume":"16","author":"Vodovnik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Rehab Med"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref020","first-page":"4","article-title":"Electrical stimulation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Fredriksen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comparison of transcutaneous electrical stimulation and epidural spinal cord stimulation. Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref028","first-page":"916","article-title":"Stretch reflex latency changes following repetitive reciprocal and hetero-segmental electrical stimulation in spastic h\u00e9mipl\u00e9gie subjects","volume":"15","author":"Levin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90079-Q"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.49"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011580"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.3.435"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(81)90192-5"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref009","first-page":"349","article-title":"Studies of spasticity in man. 3","volume":"91","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197705156159","article-title":"Muscle spindle responses to stretch in normal and spastic subjects","volume":"5","author":"Hagbarth","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(87)90007-4"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref013","volume-title":"De l'\u00e9l\u00e9ctrisation localis\u00e9e et de son application \u00e0 la pathologie et \u00e0 la th\u00e9rapeutique","author":"Duchenne","year":"1855"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref008","first-page":"3","article-title":"The acute effects of conventional TENS in the management of spasticity","volume":"38","author":"Hale","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physiothcr Can"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012567"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.6.1598"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref017","first-page":"590","article-title":"Dorsal column stimulation for control of pain","volume":"36","author":"Nashold","year":"1972","journal-title":"Preliminary report on 30 patients. J Neurosurg"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.38.7.636"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90974-9"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230203"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref051","first-page":"509","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology. Sect. 1: The Nervous System, Vol II, Part 1","author":"Baldissera","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(85)91109-5"},{"key":"S0317167100047636_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(84)90006-X"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences \/ Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0317167100047636","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T22:20:42Z","timestamp":1692224442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0317167100047636\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0317167100047636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0317167100047636","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-1671","2057-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0317-1671","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,5]]}}}