{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:01:08Z","timestamp":1790262068092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012409","name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can. J. Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0714980825100366_sec24\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Engagement in social, physical, and cognitive activities is beneficial for maintaining cognitive health in later life by providing cognitive reserves against cognitive and neurodegenerative decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0714980825100366_sec25\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insight is needed to understand how different activities combine to provide cognitive protection before and after the beginning of decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0714980825100366_sec26\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current work used a cross-sectional data set of older adults who were cognitively unimpaired (CU), live with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), live with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or live with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Beneficial behaviors included easily modifiable risk factors for dementia in late life: engagement in social, creative, and physical activities. The study explored individual and combined effects on the relationships between hippocampal volume and memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0714980825100366_sec27\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater engagement in beneficial behaviors minimized the neural\u2013cognitive relationship in the SCI group. Once disease progression continued to MCI, risk factors no longer modified the brain-cognition relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0714980825100366_sec28\" sec-type=\"discussion\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding how individual behaviors combine provides guidance when developing intervention trials or public policy procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0714980825100366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:21:35Z","timestamp":1762924895000},"page":"38-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Modifiable Risk Factors in Forming Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults With Varying Levels of Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Steffener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03c4mmv16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalise","family":"LaPlume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05g13zd79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0714980825100366_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.193"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004973"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-011-9125-4"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.10.015"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN20100008"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.70010"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0147-9"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00162"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072720-014213"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.2.195"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2023.2253993"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26197"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.02.003"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r36","first-page":"412","article-title":"L\u2019Examen Clinique en Psychologie","volume":"7","author":"Rey","year":"1964","journal-title":"Paris: Presses Universitaire de France"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091196"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0068-2"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288864"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220714"},{"key":"S0714980825100366_r35","unstructured":"R Core Team. 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