{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:08:08Z","timestamp":1774516088750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6833,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polit. life sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro fertilization (IVF) and other assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) have become widely accepted as therapy for a wide array of fertility problems and accompanied by the rapid expansion of clinics that provide a full range of ARTs. Although these technologies undoubtedly offer benefits for some individuals, they raise important questions over reproductive rights to safe and effective treatment as well as access. This article analyzes current data concerning the safety, effectiveness, and cost of IVF. It concludes that IVF and related techniques have been transformed too rapidly and easily from experimental to therapy status, despite evidence that suggests considerable caution is warranted. Unfortunately, the widespread diffusion of IVF has preceded rather than followed firm evidence of its value in extending the reproductive rights of women and couples. Resources might better be directed toward prevention of fertility problems and discovering the causes of infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0730938400024849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]],"date-time":"2017-02-08T11:32:30Z","timestamp":1486553550000},"page":"279-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Rights: The Case of In Vitro Fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Blank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref12","volume-title":"The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs.","author":"Corea","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90124-2"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref6","volume-title":"Occasional Papers in Social Policy Analysis.","author":"Brodribb","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref32","volume-title":"Proceed with Care: Final Report of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies.","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30725-5","article-title":"\u201cPrevention and Treatment of Preterm Labor in Twins.\u201d","author":"Gilstrap","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Perinatology"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90896-F"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref20","volume-title":"Feminist Perspectives in Medical Ethics.","author":"Ketchum","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref29","volume-title":"Issues in Reproductive Technology I.","author":"Overall","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref19","volume-title":"Issues in Reproductive Technology I.","author":"Holmes","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref28","volume-title":"Ethics and Human Reproduction: A Feminist Analysis.","author":"Overall","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref39","volume-title":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.","year":"1948"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb22237.x"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400821204","volume-title":"Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies.","author":"Robertson","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref5","volume-title":"Issues in Reproductive Technology I.","author":"Boone","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199407000-00003"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref15","volume-title":"Costs and Effectiveness of Infertility Services in New Zealand: A Decision Analysis.","author":"Gillett","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60614-3"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref40","article-title":"\u201cAre In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer of Benefit to All?\u201d","volume":"1989","author":"Wagner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999408"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref17","volume-title":"Human In Vitro Fertilization: A Case Study in the Regulation of Medical Innovation.","author":"Gunning","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref1","unstructured":"Austria (1992). 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Law No. 77 of 14 June 1988. \u201cFertilization Outside the Human Body.\u201d"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref14","article-title":"\u201cFollicular Stimulation for High Tech Pregnancies: Are We Playing It Safe?\u201d","volume":"299","author":"Fishel","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Medial Journal"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409223311211"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref2","volume-title":"Issues in Reproductive Technology I.","author":"Bartholet","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref31","article-title":"\u201cIn Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: Treatment-Dependent Versus -Independent Pregnancies.\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Roh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref43","volume-title":"Emerging Issues in Biomedical Policy","volume":"2","author":"Zaner","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300007145"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55984-6"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref33","volume-title":"Women and New Reproductive Technologies: Medical, Psychological, Legal, and Ethical Dilemmas.","author":"Ruzek","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref22","first-page":"101","article-title":"\u201cThe Changing Patterns of Multiple Births in the United States: Maternal and Infant Characteristics, 1973 and 1990.\u201d","volume":"84","author":"Luke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56568-6"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54966-8","article-title":"\u201cOutcome of Twin, Triplet and Quadruplet In Vitro Fertilization Pregnancies: The Norfolk Experience.\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Seoud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407283310407"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref9","unstructured":"Chisholm D. and Umbers L. (1994). \u201cScientist Quits over Lesbian Ruling.\u201d Christchurch Press (July 29):2."},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137078.x","article-title":"\u201cIn Vitro Fertilisation and Neonatal Ventilator Use in a Tertiary Perinatal Centre.\u201d","volume":"157","author":"Leslie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref37","unstructured":"Spain (1988). Law No. 35 of 22 November 1988. \u201cHealth: Assisted Reproduction Techniques.\u201d"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407283310412"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref26","unstructured":"Norway (1987). Act No. 68 of 12 June 1987. \u201cRelating to Artificial Procreation.\u201d"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref8","volume-title":"Beyond Baby M: Ethical Issues in New Reproductive Techniques.","author":"Caplan","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref27","volume-title":"Infertility: Medical and Social Choices.","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0730938400024849_ref4","volume-title":"Compelled Compassion.","author":"Blank","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Politics and the Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0730938400024849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T10:47:33Z","timestamp":1719053253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0730938400024849\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0730938400024849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0730938400024849","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-9384","1471-5457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-5457","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]}}}