{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:41:25Z","timestamp":1785577285359,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4609,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case control study of foal diarrhoea in the United Kingdom was carried out over a 3-year period.<jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>was significantly associated with foal diarrhoea (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3\u00b70), being isolated from 57% of 421 animals with diarrhoea but from only 27% of 223 healthy foals. Also,<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>was significantly associated with fatal diarrhoea (OR = 4\u00b75). About half of diarrhoea with a fatal outcome was attributable to this organism.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The other pathogens significantly associated with diarrhoea were rotavirus (OR = 5\u00b76), Cryptosporidium spp. (OR = 3\u00b72) and the nematode<jats:italic>Strongyloides westeri<\/jats:italic>, which was significant only when present in large numbers (&gt; 2000 eggs\/g of faeces: OR = 6\u00b71).<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>spp. (OR = 14\u00b72) and<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>spp. (OR = 3\u00b70) were the only other pathogens associated with fatal illness.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Overall,<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>, rotavirus, and large numbers of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>spp. or<jats:italic>S. westeri<\/jats:italic>were isolated from 80% of foals with diarrhoea. Thermophilic<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>spp.,<jats:italic>Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>and other parasites were not associated with diarrhoea. Carriage of<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>, rotavirus and<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>spp. was significantly greater in healthy foals in contact with cases of diarrhoea than in foals that were not in contact with diarrhoea (P &lt; 0\u00b705). There were no statistical interactions between any of the pathogens associated with diarrhoea although separate cases from one location often involved more than one pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800001564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T08:29:00Z","timestamp":1242376140000},"page":"375-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Foal diarrhoea between 1991 and 1994 in the United Kingdom associated with<i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>, rotavirus,<i>Strongyloides westeri<\/i>and<i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>spp."],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Netherwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L. N.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. G. G.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Mumford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Chanter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/14.5.296"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00162-X"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref045","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Clostridia in gastrointestinal disease","author":"Borriello","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.119.2.31"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref037","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Infectious diarrhoea in the young","author":"Black","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref035","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2532640"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref030","volume-title":"Epi Info Version 5: a word processing database and statistics program for epidemiology on micro-computers","author":"Dean","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref028","first-page":"211","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faeces: comparison of conventional and immunofluorescence methods","volume":"49","author":"Gnanasoorian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref025","volume-title":"Cowan and Steel's manual for the identification of medical bacteria","author":"Cowan","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07295.x"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref023","first-page":"224","article-title":"Toxigenic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type C in enterotoxaemias of domestic animals","volume":"51","author":"Niilo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.188.11.1309","article-title":"Haemorrhagic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C in a foal","volume":"188","author":"Pearson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.05.564","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens type C in a foal","volume":"189","author":"Howard-Martin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref019","first-page":"398","article-title":"\u2018Lamb dysentery\u2019 in a foal","volume":"49","author":"Montgomerie","year":"1937","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30404-2"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref012","first-page":"431","article-title":"C. perfringens enterotoxaemia in two young horses","volume":"127","author":"Stubbings","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14521.x"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90146-Y"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.7.1225-1227.1987","article-title":"Isolation of Clostridium diffici1e and detection of cytotoxin in the faeces of diarrhoeic foals in the absence of antimicrobials","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref005","first-page":"103","article-title":"The relative importance of enteric pathogens affecting neonates of domestic animals","volume":"29","author":"Tzipori","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref004","first-page":"306","article-title":"Enterotoxemia in two foals","volume":"173","author":"Dickie","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref002","first-page":"200","article-title":"Foal diarrhoea: Pathogenesis, etiology and therapy","volume":"4","author":"Martens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90359-3"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.3.1.22"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref010","first-page":"569","article-title":"Infectious foal diarrhoea: A three year study of epidemiology and prevention","volume":"8","author":"Dwyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref029","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Manual of veterinary investigation laboratory techniques","volume":"2","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref040","first-page":"113","volume-title":"The pathogenic anaerobic bacteria","author":"Smith","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04323.x"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref016","first-page":"175","article-title":"The presence of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains in faeces of various animals","volume":"14","author":"Tschivdewahn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Food Biochem"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref015","first-page":"193","article-title":"The role of intestinal protozoa in foal diarrhoea","volume":"86","author":"Lyons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref032","volume-title":"Logistic Regression Software Featuring Exact Methods","author":"LogXact-Turbo","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531055"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-20-3-363"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(85)80013-X"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03751.x"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref020","first-page":"299","article-title":"Haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type C in a foal","volume":"23","author":"Niilo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30774-5"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.04.575","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in equids in Louisiana","volume":"50","author":"Coleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01429.x"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref011","unstructured":"11. Holland RE , Schmidt A , Sriranganathan N , Brown CM , Walker RD , Wilson RA . Survey of infectious causes of diarrhoea in foals. In: Plowright W , Nakajima H . eds. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases. Newmarket, UK:R &W Publications, 1990: 55\u201360."},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref014","first-page":"320","article-title":"The role of intestinal nematodes in foal diarrhoea","volume":"86","author":"Lyons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref026","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cryptosporidium sp.: A cause of diarrhoea in immunocompetent foals","volume":"12","author":"Austin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Equine Practice"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.11.1565","article-title":"Diarrhoea associated with enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in foals","volume":"48","author":"Myers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref031","volume-title":"Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation","author":"Egret","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref027","first-page":"647","volume-title":"In: Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Melvin","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref018","first-page":"78","article-title":"Salmonellosis in foals","volume":"3","author":"Carter","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Equine Med Surg"},{"key":"S0950268800001564_ref048","first-page":"9","article-title":"Lethal complications following administration of oxytetracycline in the horse","volume":"23","author":"Andersson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nord Vet Med"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800001564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1739103962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800001564\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800001564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800001564","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,10]]}}}