{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T19:45:37Z","timestamp":1762458337732},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":90,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis is the most common cause of outbreaks of disease linked to mains water \nsupply in the United Kingdom and the second commonest in the United States. Recent \nevidence has suggested that prior population immunity may have an impact on the \nepidemiology of waterborne outbreaks and in particular prior immunity may reduce the power \nof case-control studies for demonstrating association between disease and water consumption \nbehaviour. However, the degree of impact of prior immunity on the power of epidemiological \nstudies is not yet clear. This paper reports the results of some simple mathematical models of \noutbreaks of waterborne disease in populations with varying levels of immunity due to prior \nwater and non-water exposure. The basic outbreak model was run on a spreadsheet. To \ndetermine the impact of prior immunity on case-control studies, further analysis was done \nusing a Monte Carlo method to simulate sampling from cases and controls. It was found that \nmoderate degrees of prior immunity due to water associated disease could markedly reduce the \nrelative risk of water consumption on illness in waterborne outbreaks. In turn this would \nreduce the power of case-control studies. In addition, this model was used to demonstrate the \nimpact of case misclassification and recall bias on case-control studies. Again it was found that \nwithin the model, the results of case-control studies could be significantly affected by both \nthese sources of error. Anyone conducting epidemiological investigations of potentially \nwaterborne outbreaks of disease should be aware of the epidemiological problems. Mistakes \nfrom case-control studies will be minimized if the outbreak team pays considerable attention to \nthe descriptive phase of the investigation and if case-control studies are conducted as soon as \npossible after an outbreak is detected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800004854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:23:42Z","timestamp":1027776222000},"page":"713-718","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modelling the impact of prior immunity, case misclassification and bias on case-control studies in the investigation of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"P. R.","family":"HUNTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800004854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T19:48:51Z","timestamp":1557344931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800004854\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800004854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800004854","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}}}