{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:12:09Z","timestamp":1791220329323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6619,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In order to determine the way in which vertebrates infected with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus and potential ixodid tick vectors interact in nature, immature and adult ticks of several species were fed on viraemic mammals and then assayed for virus content at varying times after feeding. CCHF virus was not isolated from ticks of six species tested after feeding as adults and immature forms on sheep with viraemia of 10\n                    <jats:sup>2\u00b75\u22123\u00b72<\/jats:sup>\n                    LD 50\/ml, nor from larval ticks fed on guinea-pigs and white-tailed rats with viraemia of 10\n                    <jats:sup>1\u00b79\u22122\u00b77<\/jats:sup>\n                    LD 50\/ml. In contrast, virus was isolated from 10 of 152 pools of engorged adult ticks of 5 species that fed on cattle with viraemia of 10\n                    <jats:sup>1\u00b75\u22122\u00b77<\/jats:sup>\n                    LD 50\/ml and from 3 of 137 female ticks after oviposition. Infection was transmitted to larval and nymphal\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma truncatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>H. marginatum rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but not to\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from a scrub hare with viraemia of 10\n                    <jats:sup>4\u00b72<\/jats:sup>\n                    50\/ml but only nymphal\n                    <jats:italic>H. truncatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>H. m. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    became infected from scrub hares with viraemia of 10\n                    <jats:sup>2\u00b76\u22122\u00b77<\/jats:sup>\n                    LD 50\/ml. Infection was transmitted trans-stadially in\n                    <jats:italic>H. m. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>H. truncatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected as nymphae, and adult\n                    <jats:italic>H. m. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmitted infection to a sheep. No evidence of transovarial transmission was found in larval progeny of ticks exposed to CCHF virus as adults on sheep and cattle or as immatures on scrub hares.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800048524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T05:13:27Z","timestamp":1242364407000},"page":"373-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Viraemic transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus to ticks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"Leman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Mathee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.2.347-353.1988","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reversed passive hemagglutination for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antigen","volume":"26","author":"Shepherd","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref026","first-page":"335","article-title":"Contribution to the question of development of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever noso-distribution area","author":"Pak","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tezisy Konf Vop Med virus (Moscow)"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90379-8"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.001305"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref013","first-page":"130","article-title":"Susceptibility of calves and lambs to Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus","author":"Zarubinsky","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tezisy Dokl Vses Konf Prirod Ochag Bolez Chelov Zhivot (Omsk)"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-7-1895"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.846"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3616608"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref027","first-page":"15","article-title":"The scrub hare, a reliable indicator of the presence of Hyalomma ticks in the Cape Province","volume":"58","author":"Horak","year":"1987","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref024","first-page":"291","article-title":"Threshold levels of blood infectiousness for Hyalomma p. plumbeum ticks during viremia in hares and rabbits caused by CHF virus","author":"Zgurskaya","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tezisy Konf Vop Med Virus (Moscow)"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.541"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref019","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Tickborne diseases and their vectors","author":"Beasley","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.410"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.610"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.133"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref028","first-page":"484","article-title":"Dynamics of African tick (Acari: Ixodoidea) populations in a natural Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever focus","volume":"23","author":"Rechav","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.12.010167.002023"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.120"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref003","first-page":"185","article-title":"Isolement des virus Thogoto, Wad Medani, Wanowrie et de la fievre hemorrhagique de Crimee-Congo en Iran a partir de tiques d'animaux domestiques","volume":"131","author":"Sureau","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Virol"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref004","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Centre Collaborateur OMS de reference et de recherche pour les arbovirus","author":"Boiro","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1407"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(80)90058-8"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.207"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.326"},{"key":"S0950268800048524_ref016","first-page":"278","article-title":"Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides. 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