{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:17:29Z","timestamp":1761488249906},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5947,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1452 cases of typhoid fever was notified in Singapore from 1980\u20139. The morbidity rates of indigenous cases showed a steady decline from 5.9 per 100000 population in 1980 to 1.2 per 100000 population in 1989. The mean case fatality was 0.8%. Children, adolescents and young adults were most susceptible to typhoid fever. There was no significant difference in morbidity rates between the major ethnic groups. The vast majority of indigenous cases were sporadic while outbreaks accounted for almost one third of them. Food was the main vehicle of transmission. The commonest indigenous phage types were B1, D1 and A. Antimicrobial resistance was infrequently seen. The proportion of imported cases rose from 32% in 1980 to 72% in 1989. Almost half (48.5%) of all imported cases were local residents who contracted typhoid fever while travelling in endemic countries. As imported cases assume greater importance in the epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore, further drop in typhoid fever incidence would require reduction of travel-related cases through greater awareness of food hygiene and effective vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800050688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1242378148000},"page":"63-70","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"F. S.","family":"Yew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. T.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y. S.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.3.292"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92678-6"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(67)90063-2"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref041","first-page":"395","article-title":"First isolates of chloramphenicol resistant S. typhi in Malaysia","volume":"34","author":"Jegathesan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Malaysia Med J"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.12.2266-2269.1987","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum Vi antibodies for detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers","volume":"25","author":"Losonsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.6.724"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.34.385"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref018","first-page":"38","article-title":"Control of enteric fever","volume":"17","author":"Cvjetanovic","year":"1976","journal-title":"Sing Med J"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref017","unstructured":"17. Singapore, Ministry of Culture. Singapore, 1984."},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref012","first-page":"3","article-title":"Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore 1980\u20131989","volume":"16","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol News Bull"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref008","first-page":"491","article-title":"Typhoid fever in the Northern Transvaal national states. An approach to an epidemiological quandry","volume":"60","author":"Somerville","year":"1981","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref006","first-page":"139","article-title":"Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Sub-Committee on Bacteriological Examination of water Supplies. Waterborne infections disease in Britain","volume":"81","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref001","first-page":"230","article-title":"Typhoid fever and its prevention","volume":"2","author":"Cvjetanovie","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pub Hlth Rev"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref021","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Infections diseases: epidemiology and clinical practice","author":"Christie","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(50)91585-6"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref009","first-page":"183","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Singapore","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Alumni Association, Malaya"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.1.1"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400054978"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112446"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92033-X"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref004","unstructured":"4. Seamic. Seamic Health Statistics 1986. International Medical Foundation of Japan 1987: 48."},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1975.03240140022018"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.18.6.1320-1322.1983","article-title":"Identification of a carrier by using Vi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology in an outbreak of typhoid fever on an Indian reservation","volume":"18","author":"Engleberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.9.2.94"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.90.2.552-553.1965","article-title":"Resistance of Salmonella typhosa to chloramphenicol","volume":"90","author":"Njoku-Obi","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.6.1194-1197.1988","article-title":"Restaurant-associated outbreak of typhoid fever in Maryland: identification of carrier facilitated by measurement of serum Vi antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref011","first-page":"433","article-title":"Enteric infections in Singapore with special reference to typhoid","volume":"9","author":"Goh","year":"1978","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400070790"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref042","first-page":"352","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Singapore: a review of 370 cases","volume":"94","author":"Yew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref033","first-page":"71","article-title":"Studies on resistance transfer factors","volume":"30","author":"Kontomichalou","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91013-Z"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref010","first-page":"32","article-title":"Enteric fever surveillance in Singapore","volume":"17","author":"Koh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Sing Med J"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171801"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref016","unstructured":"16. Singapore, Ministry of the Environment. Annual report of Ministry of the Environment. 1976\u20131990."},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400019501"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90480-6"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90401-4"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91316-3"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92923-2"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.15.6.544"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)91719-4"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref043","first-page":"1","article-title":"Typhoid immunization: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)","volume":"39","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400063889"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91316-X"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref029","first-page":"3","article-title":"Vi phage types in Singapore","volume":"19","author":"Lam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sing Med J"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400025560"},{"key":"S0950268800050688_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/239109b0"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800050688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T05:05:15Z","timestamp":1589778315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800050688\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800050688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800050688","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1993","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}