{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:45:23Z","timestamp":1783763123138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5947,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between November 1990 and February 1991 101 gull faecal samples, collected in central Scotland, and 50 cloacal lavages, from gulls captured at two refuse tips near Durham, England were examined for the presence of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. oocysts. Five of 101 (c 5%) of faecal samples and 11 of 50 (22%) of cloacal lavages contained oocysts, of which 64% and 83%, respectively were considered viable when examined with propidium iodide and 4\u2032-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Since there is insufficient evidence to ascribe these oocysts to a recognized species they are therefore referred to as<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. oocysts. There were significant differences in the occurrence of oocysts between gulls captured at the different refuse tips (P &lt; 0.01), but no significant difference between the distribution of oocysts in two species of gull,<jats:italic>Larus argentatus<\/jats:italic>(Herring Gull) and<jats:italic>L. ridibundus<\/jats:italic>(Black-head Gull). The differences may be explained by different food sources and feeding habits. The contribution of gulls to environmental contamination with<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. oocysts is probably generally small, but may be more significant when large numbers roost on surface waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800050767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1242378148000},"page":"135-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Occurrence of oocysts of<i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>sp. in<i>Larus<\/i>spp. gulls"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"H. V.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Coulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. P.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W. A.","family":"Girdwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063658509476863"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90378-H"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657709476537"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(55)80025-2"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05608.x"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060472"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref017","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Cryptosporidiosis. 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Cryptosporidium oocysts and free living pathogenic amoebae in water etc","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.325"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref002","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium in water supplies. Report of the Group of Experts","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref003","unstructured":"3. Benton C . A microbiological study of loch Katrine water supply. [PhD dissertation]. Division of Applied Microbiology, University of Strathclyde. Glasgow. 1986. 23\u20135."},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400062665"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3675941"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403981"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Campbell AT . Robertson LJ . Smith HV . Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion\/exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes. Appl Env Microbiol 1992. In press.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.58.11.3488-3493.1992"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref012","first-page":"394","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.). a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse","volume":"26","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arch Protistenkd"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3281435"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref015","first-page":"91","article-title":"Morphometric comparison of the oocysts of Cryptosporidium meleagridis and Cryptosporidium baileyi from birds","volume":"56","author":"Lindsay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Helminthol Soc Wash"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282398"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403220"},{"key":"S0950268800050767_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063658709476927"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800050767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T05:05:22Z","timestamp":1589778322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800050767\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800050767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800050767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1993","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}