{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:36:24Z","timestamp":1774730184302,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5340,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carrion is a major source of botulinal toxin for animals. A type D strain of <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic> differed from type A and B strains in producing (1) much higher concentrations of toxin in putrefying mouse carcasses at several different temperatures over a period of 35 days, (2) toxicity that sometimes persisted in mouse carcasses for at least a year, and (3) mouse carcasses with exceptionally high oral toxicity. Fish carcasses were much less favourable than mouse carcasses for type D toxigenesis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The study, together with earlier studies on types C and E, indicated that carrion contaminated with <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> type C or D is likely to be particularly dangerous for animals that may ingest it. This accords with the observation that carrion-transmitted botulism in animals is usually caused by type C or D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800051761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T08:44:00Z","timestamp":1242377040000},"page":"335-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The production of <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i> type A, B and D toxin in rotting carcasses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"N. E.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref009","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Report on the 14th International Veterinary Congress, London (8\u201313 August 1949)","volume":"3","author":"Sterne","year":"1952"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref004","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Topley and Wilson's principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity","volume":"2","author":"Willis","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800062105"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref005","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Topley and Wilson's principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref015","first-page":"217","article-title":"First case of type A botulism in zebu (Bos indicus)","volume":"126","author":"Schocken-Iturrino","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref014","volume-title":"Botulism: the organism, its toxins, the disease","author":"Smith","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref002","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of animals: diseases due to bacteria","author":"Roberts","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref011","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Avian botulism: an international perspective","author":"Egyed","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800030181"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1589803"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1588859"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800061720"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800067157"},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref010","unstructured":"10. Theiler A , Viljoen PR , Green HH , Du Toit PJ , Meyer M , Robinson EM , In: llth and 12th Rep Dir Vet Educ Res (S Afr), part II, 1926: 1201."},{"key":"S0950268800051761_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.24.579"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800051761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T02:19:11Z","timestamp":1557886751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800051761\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800051761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800051761","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 1994","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}