{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:23:44Z","timestamp":1775921024010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7043,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>This survey assessed the maintenance of evaporative cooling towers in Glasgow, following two Legionnaires' disease outbreaks. Information was obtained from 76 of 81 premises and a maintenance score was calculated for each of 174 towers. The quality of maintenance was extremely varied (range of maintenance scores, 8\u201330 mean, 22 (S. D., 5.0); median, 23; maximum possible, 33) and some towers were neglected. Breaches of maintenance principles were mainly structural and organizational, e.g. inadequate drift control, rather than failure to use chemicals. Low maintenance scores were associated with no log book, no guidelines, no change in procedures in last 5 years, solitary cooling towers, and towers on industrial premises. Despite intense publicity the standard of cooling tower maintenance in Glasgow remained a concern. Information campaigns directed at those responsible for cooling\u2013tower maintenance are neccessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800054492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1242364991000},"page":"29-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Maintenance of cooling towers following two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in a city"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"R. S.","family":"Bhopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref014","unstructured":"14. Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers. CIBSE code of practice. Minimising the risk of Legionnaires' Disease."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref017","unstructured":"17. Bhopal RS , Fallon RJ. Geographical epidemiology of Legionnaires' Disease in Glasgow: a preliminary report. Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit Weekly Bulletin. 1988 No. 17 (pp. 7\u201311) and No. 18 (p. 2)."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref018","volume-title":"SPSS\/PC plus","author":"Norusis","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref005","first-page":"380","article-title":"Outbreak of Legionellosis in a community","volume":"II","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref015","unstructured":"15. Committee of Inquiry into the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease in Stafford, April 1985. Second report. London: HMSO; 1987 (Cmnd 256)."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-4-667"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref002","volume-title":"The control of Legionella in health care premises","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref003","volume-title":"Report of the Expert Advisory Commitee on Biocides","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref004","volume-title":"Legionella infections","author":"Bartlett","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref006","volume-title":"First report of the Committee of Inquiry into the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease in Stafford in April","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400063580"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref008","first-page":"358","article-title":"Communicable Disease Report: April to June 1988","volume":"10","year":"1988","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref009","unstructured":"9. Department of Health and Social Security. Legionnaires' Disease and hospital water systems. Circular No. HN (80) 39, 1980."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref010","unstructured":"10. Department of Health and Social Security. Legionnaires' Disease:Engineering guidence note 3. Circular No. HN (86) 16, 1986."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref011","unstructured":"11. Department of Health and Social Security. Legionnaires' Disease:Engineering guidence note 3. Circular No. HN (87) 16, 1987."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref012","unstructured":"12. Health and Safety Executive. Legionnaires' Disease. Guidance note EH48. Environmental Hygiene Series 48. London: HMSO, 1987."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref013","unstructured":"13. Department of Health and Social Security. Health Services Management. The Control of Legionellae in health care premises. Circular No.HL (88) 47 and HN (FP) (88) 19, 1989."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref016","unstructured":"16. Baxter D. Legionnaires' Disease. A comprehensive description contemporary bibliography. Occasional paper No. 9. Manchester University. Department of Community Medicine, 1985."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref020","unstructured":"20. Water Research Centre. Water fittings and materials directory 1988\/89. Water Research Centre, Marlow, 1988."},{"key":"S0950268800054492_ref019","volume-title":"Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences","author":"Siegel","year":"1956"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800054492","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,18]],"date-time":"2019-05-18T18:02:12Z","timestamp":1558202532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800054492\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800054492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800054492","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1990","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}