{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:20:54Z","timestamp":1784830854542,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5523,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulism due to<jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>type C causes considerable mortality in gulls in the UK, and refuse disposal sites are suspected as a major source of toxin.<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>types B, C and D were each found in 12 (63.2%) of 19 landfill sites examined. Type E was detected in only one (5.2%) and types A, F and G were not found. The prevalence of type C spores was much higher than that demonstrated in the UK environment by earlier surveys. The presence of these spores, together with the rotting organic matter and generated heat associated with landfill sites, undoubtedly leads to bacterial proliferation and toxigenesis. This is likely to result in botulism in scavenging gulls unless skilled landfill management prevents the ingestion of toxic material. Type D spores were previously shown to be rare in the UK environment and their high prevalence on landfill sites was therefore surprising. Four composite samples of refuse collected before distribution on a landfill gave negative results for<jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>and it seems likely that the gulls themselves play a major role in introducing contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800057794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T08:48:59Z","timestamp":1242377339000},"page":"385-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Landfill sites, botulism and gulls"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"N. E.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref020","first-page":"434","article-title":"Etiology and epidemiology of botulism in waterfowl in the Netherlands","volume":"99","author":"Haagsma","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneesk"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400055911"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400024438"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400024906"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400026024"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.22.6.1025-1029.1971","article-title":"Minimal growth temperature, sodium chloride tolerance, pH sensitivity and toxin production of marine and terrestrial strains of Clostridium botulinum type C","volume":"22","author":"Segner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref011","first-page":"214","article-title":"A two year study of botulism in gulls in the vicinity of Dublin Bay","volume":"38","author":"Quinn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Irish Vet J"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref010","first-page":"25","volume-title":"The effect of botulism on a breeding colony of gulls. Erkrankungen der Zootiere, Symposium, Cardiff 1987","author":"Worrall"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref009","article-title":"A census of breeding gulls in the inner Bristol Channel","author":"Mudge","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rept Dept Energy"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102.2.40"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(76)90056-2"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(78)90030-7"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100.6.106"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.90.5.111"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.85.20.541"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref001","first-page":"97","article-title":"Botulism in waterfowl","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Symp Zool Soc Lond"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400063300"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.19.457"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref013","first-page":"269","article-title":"Waterbird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan: an update","volume":"95","author":"Brand","year":"1983","journal-title":"Wilson Bull"},{"key":"S0950268800057794_ref012","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Mass mortality of water-birds in Lake Michigan 1963\u201364","author":"Fay","year":"1965"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800057794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T05:04:27Z","timestamp":1589778267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800057794\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800057794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800057794","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 Cambridge University Press 1994","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}