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Amongst 608 ampicillin resistant strains isolated from 320 of the participants, 158 were able to transfer their ampicillin resistant determinants into<jats:italic>Escheriehia coli<\/jats:italic>K-12 J62\u20132. Iso-electric focusing of the \u03b2-lactamases, extracted from the transconjugants, demonstrated that ampicillin resistance resulted from the presence of the TEM-1, TEM-2 and SHV-1 \u03b2-lactamases in 94\u00b73%, 2\u00b75% and 3\u00b72% of isolates respectively. Endonuclease restriction digests of the plasmids isolated from the transconjugants showed that the \u03b2-lactamase genes were present on a wide variety of plasmid types; 101 distinct plasmid endonuclease restriction patterns were identified. Transferable ampicillin resistance was associated with resistance to other antibiotics at the following frequencies: trimethoprim (48\u00b77 %), streptomycin (35\u00b74 %), tetracycline (27\u00b72%), spectinomycin (9\u00b75%), chloramphenicol (3\u00b72%) and gentamicin (1\u00b73%). One antibiotic resistance pattern, ampicillin and trimethoprim. predominated (28%). In total. 77\u00b79% of the plasmids conferred resistance to other antibiotics raising the possibility that use of any of these agents, not simply ampicillin, may contribute to the maintenance of resistance genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800058374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T08:38:04Z","timestamp":1242376684000},"page":"243-253","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["\u03b2-Lactam resistance in normal faecal flora from South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"P. M. A.","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. G. 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