{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:14:45Z","timestamp":1791087285805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6984,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the period 1981\u20138 a clinical trial of a Q fever vaccine (Q-vax; Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Melbourne) has been conducted in abattoir workers and other at-risk groups in South Australia. Volunteers in four abattoirs and visitors to the abattoirs were given one subcutaneous dose of 30 \u03bcg of a formalin-inactivated, highly-purified<jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>cells, Henzerling strain, Phase 1 antigenic state, in a volume of 0\u00b75 ml.<\/jats:p><jats:p>During the period, over 4000 subjects have been vaccinated and the programme continues in the abattoirs and related groups. \u2018Common\u2019 reactions to the vaccine comprised tenderness and erythema, rarely oedema at the inoculation site and sometimes transient headache. Two more serious \u2018uncommon\u2019 reactions, immune abscess at the inoculation site, were observed in two subjects, and two others developed small subcutaneous lumps which gradually dispersed without intervention.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Protective efficacy of the vaccine appeared to be absolute and to last for 5 years at least. Eight Q fever cases were observed in vaccinees, but all were in persons vaccinated during the incubation period of a natural attack of Q fever before vaccine-induced immunity had had time (\u2265 13 days after vaccination) to develop. On the other hand, 97 Q fever cases were detected in persons working in, or visiting the same abattoir environments.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Assays for antibody and cellular immunity showed an 80\u201382% seroconversion after vaccination, mostly IgM antibody to Phase 2 antigen, in the 3 months after vaccination. This fell to about 60%, mostly IgG antibody to Phase 1 antigen, after 20 months. On the other hand, 85\u201395% of vaccinees developed markers of cell mediated immunity as judged by lymphoproliferative responses with<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>antigens; these rates remained elevated for at least 5 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The Q fever vaccine, unlike other killed rickettsial vaccines, has the property of stimulating long-lasting T lymphocyte memory and this may account for its unusual protective efficacy as a killed vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800059458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:22:48Z","timestamp":1242379368000},"page":"275-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever: eight years' experience in Australian abattoirs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"B. P.","family":"Marmion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Ormsbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kyrkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Worswick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Esterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Feery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.88.1.100","article-title":"A method of purifying Coxiella burnetii and other pathogenic rickettsiae","volume":"88","author":"Ormsbee","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref004","first-page":"54","article-title":"Q feverin California. 1. Observations on vaccination of human beings","volume":"52","author":"Meiklejohn","year":"1950","journal-title":"Amer J Hyg"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref009","unstructured":"Fiset P. Review of status of Q fever vaccine and vaccine studies. Commission on Rickettsial Diseases, Armed Forces Epidemiology Board, 1970. Ormsbee RA, personal communication."},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref019","volume-title":"Q Fever, vol. I, The disease","author":"Ormsbee"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.48.2.359-365.1985","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide variation in Coxiella burnetii: intrastrain heterogenicity in structure and antigenicity","volume":"48","author":"Hackstadt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref011","volume-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"Armitage","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.52.1.337-340.1986","article-title":"Antigenic variation in the Phase I lipopolysaccharide of Coxiella burnetii isolates","volume":"52","author":"Hackstadt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.52.1.87"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91617-9"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref006","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Science Publication","volume":"6","author":"Benenson","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref002","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Development of Q fever vaccines","volume":"ii","author":"Marmion","year":"1937","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/129.7.591"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5016.425"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref010","first-page":"528","article-title":"Vaccination against Q fever. In: Proceedings of First International Congress on vaccines against viral and rickettsial diseases of man","volume":"147","author":"Fiset","year":"1967","journal-title":"PAHO Science Publication"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-19-3-281"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.4.781"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref008","volume-title":"Wadsworth","author":"Kleinbaum","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112382"},{"key":"S0950268800059458_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.5.1144-1150.1987","article-title":"Comparative virulence of intra- and interstain lipopolysaccharide variants of Coxiella burnetii in the guinea pig model","volume":"55","author":"Moos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268800059458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:10:12Z","timestamp":1710328212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268800059458\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268800059458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268800059458","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1990","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}