{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:36:48Z","timestamp":1783489008033,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]],"date-time":"2005-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>has become increasingly recognized as a pathogen responsible for outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. In August 2001, an Illinois hospital reported a cryptosporidiosis cluster potentially linked to a local waterpark. There were 358 case-patients identified. We conducted community-based and waterpark-based case-control studies to examine potential sources of the outbreak. We collected stool specimens from ill persons and pool water samples for microscopy and molecular analysis. Laboratory-confirmed case-patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=77) were more likely to have attended the waterpark [odds ratio (OR) 16\u00b70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3\u00b78\u201366\u00b78], had pool water in the mouth (OR 6\u00b70, 95% CI 1\u00b73\u201326\u00b78), and swallowed pool water (OR 4\u00b75, 95% CI 1\u00b75\u201313\u00b73) than age-matched controls.<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>was found in stool specimens and pool water samples. The chlorine resistance of oocysts, frequent swimming exposures, high bather densities, heavy usage by diaper-aged children, and increased recognition and reporting of outbreaks are likely to have contributed to the increasing trend in number of swimming pool-associated outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. Recommendations for disease prevention include alteration of pool design to separate toddler pool filtration systems from other pools. Implementation of education programmes could reduce the risk of faecal contamination and disease transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268805004619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]],"date-time":"2005-06-03T12:47:06Z","timestamp":1117802826000},"page":"147-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["An outbreak of<i>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/i>infection at an Illinois recreational waterpark"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"L.\u00a0M.","family":"CAUSER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"HANDZEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"WELCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"CARR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"CULP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"LUCHT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"MUDAHAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"ROBINSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"NEAVEAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"FENTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"ROSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"CRAIG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"ARROWOOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"WAHLQUIST","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"XIAO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.-M.","family":"LEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"MIREL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"LEVY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u00a0J.","family":"BEACH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"POQUETTE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u00a0S.","family":"DWORKIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.5.742"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199404000-00012","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control","volume":"13","author":"Cordell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.3.313"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318090"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1097-1101.2001"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref029","first-page":"416","article-title":"responding to fecal accidents in disinfected swimming venues","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref016","first-page":"406","article-title":"Protracted outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pool use\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Ohio and Nebraska, 2000","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref015","first-page":"565","article-title":"Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Florida, 1999","volume":"49","year":"2000","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0950268805004619_ref042","unstructured":"42. 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