{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:07:30Z","timestamp":1791230850513,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]],"date-time":"2005-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120089600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Greece the public health surveillance for most infectious diseases, including shigellosis, is not well developed. However, four waterborne outbreaks of shigellosis have been recorded in Greece in the last three decades, in different areas of the country, under different environmental and socioeconomic conditions. This study presents the epidemiological characteristics of these four outbreaks in order to examine common points and differences and to investigate their possible association with environmental and socioeconomic conditions. All four outbreaks were caused by <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic> and related to drinking water. Epidemic curves, distribution of cases by age and gender, hospitalization rates, environmental conditions and laboratory results were compared. The outbreaks seemed to correspond to two different \u2018models\u2019 presenting two characteristic types of epidemic waves related to specific environmental conditions. The attack rates for the general population varied from about 9 to 13% and were similar for both sexes. Children were affected mostly. In these outbreaks there was a strong suspicion of contamination of the water distribution system from the sewage network, highlighting the importance of environmental health control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268805004747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]],"date-time":"2005-06-30T09:44:50Z","timestamp":1120124690000},"page":"157-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparing <i>Shigella<\/i> waterborne outbreaks in four different areas in Greece: common features and differences"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"A.\u00a0D.","family":"KOUTSOTOLI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u00a0E.","family":"PAPASSAVA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.\u00a0E.","family":"MAIPA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.\u00a0P.","family":"ALAMANOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.1.130"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks\u00a0\u2013\u00a0United States","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Surveill Summ"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref015","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Molecular cloning a laboratory manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref012","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of a gastroenteritis outbreak in the island of Lefkada","volume":"2","author":"Vlachos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of 3rd Medical Congress of Northern Greece"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref010","first-page":"16","article-title":"Outbreaks in drinking-water systems, 1991\u20131998","volume":"65","author":"Graun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref002","first-page":"42","article-title":"Foodborne shigellosis","volume":"3","author":"Jewell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057642"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref011","first-page":"12","volume":"1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull Epidemiol Surveill"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref018","first-page":"305","article-title":"Epidemiological monitoring of bacillary dysentery in Spain","volume":"3","author":"Cano Portero","year":"1995","journal-title":"Years 1990\u20131994. Boletin Epidemiologico Semanal"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.5.1068"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref009","first-page":"191","article-title":"Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives","volume":"107","author":"Ford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref020","first-page":"1964","article-title":"Shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Iowa, 2001","volume":"286","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref014","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref013","first-page":"40","article-title":"The gastroenteritis outbreak occurring in the city of Drama in September 1971","volume":"1","author":"Katsougiannopoulos","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc Med Soc Thessaloniki"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(91)91122-E"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004495"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref016","first-page":"803","article-title":"Outbreak of Escerichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter among attendees of the Washington Country Fair, New York, 1999","volume":"48","year":"1999","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref001","first-page":"2033","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Mandell","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref003","first-page":"229","article-title":"Shigella sonnei outbreak associated with contaminated drinking water\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Island Park, Idaho, August 1995","volume":"45","year":"1996","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800004866"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.4.1081"},{"key":"S0950268805004747_ref008","first-page":"160","article-title":"Epidemic outbreak of shigellosis following water intake","volume":"13","author":"Morera","year":"1995","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268805004747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T19:05:33Z","timestamp":1556910333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268805004747\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268805004747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268805004747","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]]}}}