{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:20:21Z","timestamp":1756462821013},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the association between typhoid fever and<jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>infection, as the latter microorganism may influence gastric acid secretion and consequently increase susceptibility to<jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>infection. Anti-<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>IgG and IgA antibody titres (ELISA) and gastrin concentration (RIA) were determined in the plasma of 87 blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases (collected after clinical recovery) and 232 random healthy controls without a history of typhoid fever, in the Jatinegara district, Jakarta. Patients with typhoid fever more often than controls were seropositive for<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>IgG (67%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 50%,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7008), when antibody titres were dichotomized around median titres observed in controls.<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>IgA seropositivity was not associated with typhoid fever. Plasma gastrin concentrations indicative of hypochlorhydria (i.e. gastrin \u2a7e25 or \u2a7e100\u00a0ng\/l) were not significantly elevated in typhoid fever cases compared to controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b754 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b727 respectively). In a multivariate analysis, typhoid fever was independently associated with young age (&lt;33 years, median age of the controls) [odds ratio (OR) 7\u00b793, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3\u00b790\u201316\u00b710], and<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>IgG seropositivity (OR 1\u00b793, 95% CI 1\u00b710\u20133\u00b740). Typhoid fever was independently associated with<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>IgG seropositivity, but not with elevated gastrin concentration. Therefore, the association suggests a common risk of environmental exposure to both bacteria, e.g. poor hygiene, rather than a causal relationship via reduced gastric acid production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268805004875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T13:10:18Z","timestamp":1122037818000},"page":"163-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>infection and typhoid fever in Jakarta, 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