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Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in England and Wales, with 45 000 cases reported annually.<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>incidence is highly seasonal; the consistent peak in late spring suggests a role for meteorological factors in the epidemiology of this organism. We investigated the relationship between ambient temperature and<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>enteritis using time-series analysis to study short-term associations between temperature and number of<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>reports adjusted for longer-term trend and seasonal patterns. We found a linear relationship between mean weekly temperature and reported<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>enteritis, with a 1\u00b0C rise corresponding to a 5% increase in the number of reports up to a threshold of 14\u00b0C. There was no relationship outside this temperature range. Our findings provide evidence that ambient temperature influences<jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>incidence, and suggest that its effect is likely to be indirect, acting through other intermediate pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268805004899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T13:10:18Z","timestamp":1122037818000},"page":"119-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Temperature dependence of reported<i>Campylobacter<\/i>infection in England, 1989\u20131999"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"C.\u00a0C.","family":"TAM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.\u00a0C.","family":"RODRIGUES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.\u00a0J.","family":"O'BRIEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"HAJAT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref031","unstructured":"31. Dahlgren D , Axelsson Olsson D , Broman T , Waldenstr\u00f6m J , Holmberg M , Olsen B. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni within Acanthamoeba polyphaga; a possible transmission route. Arhus, Denmark 12th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms, 2003."},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.57.11.3388-3389.1991","article-title":"Recovery of injured Campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage","volume":"57","author":"Saha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4677-4681.1999","article-title":"Viability and DNA maintenance in nonculturable spiral Campylobacter jejuni cells after long-term exposure to low temperatures","volume":"65","author":"Lazaro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.733-741.1998","article-title":"Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and -rRNA staining","volume":"64","author":"Buswell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01239.x"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref023","volume-title":"The analysis of time series: an introduction","author":"Chatfield","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref022","volume-title":"Generalized additive models","author":"Hastie","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref018","first-page":"R93","article-title":"Food poisoning: notifications, laboratory reports, and outbreaks\u00a0\u2013\u00a0where do the statistics come from and what do they mean?","volume":"6","author":"Wall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1998.853511.x"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802006830"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2118"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006306"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381598"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268803008355"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004562"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.6.832"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1997.tb02854.x"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1998.00450.x"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.52.3.531-538.1986","article-title":"Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment","volume":"52","author":"Rollins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008224"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref017","first-page":"185","article-title":"Seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage sludge","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-004-0241-3"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg139"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref001","unstructured":"1. Food Standards Agency. A report of the study of infectious intestinal disease in England. London: The Stationery Office, 2000."},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00882.x"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010817"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref021","unstructured":"21. The British Atmospheric Data Centre. Met Office\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Historical Central England Temperature Data (http:\/\/badc.nerc.ac.uk\/data\/cet\/). Accessed 4 July 2005."},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319292"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006057"},{"key":"S0950268805004899_ref020","unstructured":"20. The Campylobacter Sentinel Surveillance Scheme. Data from the first two years of the study (http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/cdr\/PDFfiles\/2003\/cdr1903.pdf). 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