{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:25:14Z","timestamp":1775197514074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,10]],"date-time":"2006-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated 21 foodborne type-E botulism outbreaks, without antitoxin administration, from 1951 to 1965 in Hokkaido, Japan, to characterize the descriptive epidemiology and evaluate the relationship between case fatality and incubation period. The median (25\u201375% quartile) attack rate and case fatality, which were evaluated by outbreak, were 58\u00b73% (38\u00b70\u201373\u00b72) and 25\u00b77% (0\u00b71\u201350\u00b70) respectively. Individual records of 64 diagnoses, including 31 deaths, were also examined using logistic regression analysis, revealing that a shorter incubation period is likely to result in a significantly higher risk of death (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b701). The observed case fatality was more than 50% for those who developed symptoms within the first 18 h after exposure, possibly reflecting underlying dose-dependent mechanisms. In the event of intentional contamination of food with botulinum toxin, rapidly determining the incubation periods may be critical for guiding public health response efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268806006169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,10]],"date-time":"2006-05-10T08:33:15Z","timestamp":1147249995000},"page":"126-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Incubation period as a clinical predictor of botulism: analysis of previous <i>izushi<\/i>-borne outbreaks in Hokkaido, Japan, from 1951 to 1965"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"NISHIURA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,10]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268806006169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1554321013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268806006169\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268806006169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268806006169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,10]]}}}