{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T23:53:09Z","timestamp":1695945189864},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficacy of the conventional bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine is often questioned because of conflicting trial results [1]. In this context, a new BCG vaccine developed by Grode <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>. [2] has been seen as a favourable development in tuberculosis (TB) control [3]. BCG vaccine development is a challenge for many reasons, not least of which is the complex immunology of mycobacterial infections. The pathogenesis of TB, and prevention of TB by BCG, is predominantly a function of cell-mediated immunity. <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB) and BCG are phagocytosed, but remain viable for some time within the phagosome. There, BCG antigens must be presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to activate CD4+ cells, and to MHC class I molecules to activate CD8+ cells [3]. However, both MTB and BCG fail to activate CD8+ cells sufficiently. The relative failure of activation of CD8+ cells is thought to be related to the enzyme urease, which keeps the intracellular pH high and thus inhibits presentation of antigens to T cells which would otherwise activate the CD8+ response. Grode <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>. [2] have engineered a BCG strain which overcomes this problem and allows release of antigen into the cell and thereby stimulates a CD8+ cell response in addition to the CD4 response seen with conventional BCG. They did this first by engineering a strain of BCG which secretes listeriolysin (Hly), an enzyme from <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> which perforates cell membranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268806007126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,9]],"date-time":"2007-02-09T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1171028202000},"page":"177-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["New developments in BCG vaccine: implications for tuberculosis control"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"C. R.","family":"MacINTYRE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268806007126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T20:09:04Z","timestamp":1554322144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268806007126\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268806007126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268806007126","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]}}}