{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:58:33Z","timestamp":1791035913141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]],"date-time":"2007-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The complex pathogen\u2013host\u2013vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland United Kingdom. This paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Bowland Fells of Lancashire. Seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. There was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective force of infection on farms implementing a vaccination programme, irrespective of acaricide treatment regime, however, only one third of farms apparently eliminated infection. On farms where vaccination did not occur or where vaccination was carried out intermittently, the estimated force of infection was variable or possibly increased. Thus, as befits a complex host\u2013pathogen system, reductions in prevalence were not as dramatic as predicted; we discuss the potential explanations for these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268806007692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]],"date-time":"2007-03-08T14:17:21Z","timestamp":1173363441000},"page":"963-973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"M.\u00a0K.","family":"LAURENSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.\u00a0J.","family":"McKENDRICK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u00a0W.","family":"REID","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"CHALLENOR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.\u00a0K.","family":"MATHEWSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2004319","article-title":"On the relevance of abundance and spatial pattern for interpretations of host-parasite association data","volume":"94","author":"Cumming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bulletin of Entomological Research"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref020","first-page":"529","article-title":"Immune responses of sheep to louping-ill virus vaccine","volume":"109","author":"Shaw","year":"1981","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.25.638"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080872"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.561"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref001","first-page":"337","article-title":"Infectious disease and species coexistence: a model in Lotka-Volterra form","volume":"124","author":"Holt","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00309.x"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3242-6"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0870"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00688.x"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans","author":"Anderson","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00501.x"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8790.2001.00558.x"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref018","volume-title":"Applied Models in Medicine","author":"Brown","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref015","first-page":"44","article-title":"Sample strategies to substantiate freedom from disease. A theoretical approach","author":"Ziller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(75)90063-8"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref025","article-title":"The development and seasonal activity of the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus: a vector of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"79","author":"Gray","year":"1991","journal-title":"Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00030-9"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00236.x"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref012","volume-title":"Sheep Tick Suppression","author":"Mathewson","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511629396.019"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000084031","article-title":"The seasonal and diurnal activities of individual sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus L)","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"1951","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(71)90103-4"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000017832"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.338"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005302"},{"key":"S0950268806007692_ref013","unstructured":"13.\u00a0 Mathewson GK , A programme to eradicate the louping-ill virus from The Forest of Bowland, Lancashire. The first eight years 1994\u20132001. Moredun Research Institute Library 2002, No. 20022003."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268806007692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T14:26:49Z","timestamp":1707661609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268806007692\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268806007692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268806007692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]]}}}