{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:18:45Z","timestamp":1791238725665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]],"date-time":"2007-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177027200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed an outbreak of necrotizing fasciitis associated with<jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>infection in a group of juvenile saltwater crocodiles (<jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic>). We undertook screening of crocodiles and the environment to clarify the source of the outbreak and evaluated the isolates cultured from post-mortem specimens with molecular methods to assess clonality and the presence of known group B streptococcal virulence determinants. The isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. They were a typical serotype Ia strain with the C\u03b1-like protein gene, epsilon (or<jats:italic>alp1<\/jats:italic>), the mobile genetic elements IS<jats:italic>381<\/jats:italic>IS<jats:italic>Sag1<\/jats:italic>and IS<jats:italic>Sag2<\/jats:italic>, and belonged to multi-locus sequence type (ST) 23. All of these characteristics suggest they were probably of human origin. We review the medical and veterinary literature relating to<jats:italic>S. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>necrotizing fasciitis, epidemiology and virulence determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268807008515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]],"date-time":"2007-04-20T08:06:25Z","timestamp":1177056385000},"page":"1248-1255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Necrotizing fasciitis in captive juvenile<i>Crocodylus porosus<\/i>caused by<i>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/i>: an outbreak and review of the animal and human literature"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"E.\u00a0J.","family":"BISHOP","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"SHILTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"BENEDICT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"KONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.\u00a0L.","family":"GILBERT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"GAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"GODOY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0G.","family":"SPRATT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0J.","family":"CURRIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref060","first-page":"932","article-title":"Group B Streptococcus: global incidence and vaccine development","volume":"4","author":"Johri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.11.010"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1008.030917"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2161-2167.2004"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.12.4731"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4704-4707.2005"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515233"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-31"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04365.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02563.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200406000-00009"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.04.002"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00428.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12368.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref037","first-page":"429","article-title":"Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis: a review","volume":"38","author":"Keefe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2530-2536.2003"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.204-209.2006"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2115-2116.1998","article-title":"Sudden increase in isolation of group B streptococci, serotype V, is not due to emergence of a new pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type","volume":"36","author":"Elliot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05067-0"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430618"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00184-6"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.08.1421","article-title":"Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs","volume":"209","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.561"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700620"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2002.00392.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1154-0"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.15.1704"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref009","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Necrotising fasciitis and necrotising cellulitis due to group B streptococcus","volume":"131","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Childhood"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378892"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00827.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.23-11-381","article-title":"Group B streptococcal infections","volume":"23","author":"Gotoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatric Reviews"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92888-5"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref004","first-page":"430","article-title":"Microbiology and factors affecting mortality in necrotising fasciitis","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref016","first-page":"733","article-title":"Group B streptococcal necrotising fasciitis arising from an episiotomy","volume":"66","author":"Sutton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.102-127.2005"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-19.3.180"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.01.009"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11265.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.4941-4949.2003"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00005"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-60"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.1.26"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1991.tb00936.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27826-0","article-title":"Population structure of group B streptococcus from a low-incidence region for invasive neonatal disease","volume":"151","author":"Bisharat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref026","first-page":"90","article-title":"Relatedness of Streptococcus canis from canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotising fasciitis","volume":"63","author":"De Winter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380030233036"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.10.2616-2620.1993","article-title":"Molecular analysis of multiple isolates of the major serotypes of group B streptococci","volume":"31","author":"Fasola","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199706000-00019"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80528-8"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318148"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200011000-00011"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3727-3733.2005"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(93)90009-6"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref011","first-page":"878","article-title":"Group B streptococcal necrotising fasciitis and toxic shock-like syndrome: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Crum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scandanavian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01232-06"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref002","first-page":"323","article-title":"Necrotising soft tissue infections: a primary care review","volume":"68","author":"Headley","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao066129"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1892-1898.1999","article-title":"Genetic features of Streptococcus agalactiae strains causing severe neonatal infection as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and hylB gene analysis","volume":"37","author":"Rolland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008515_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.023"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268807008515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T14:19:26Z","timestamp":1707833966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268807008515\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268807008515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268807008515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]]}}}