{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:36:26Z","timestamp":1790001386656,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180569600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prospective surveillance was conducted in three remote Aboriginal communities with high rates of rheumatic heart disease in order to investigate the epidemiology of group A \u03b2-haemolytic streptococci (GAS). At each household visit, participants were asked about sore throat. Swabs were taken from all throats and any skin sores. GAS isolates were\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence and pattern-typed using standard laboratory methods. There were 531 household visits; 43 different\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    types and subtypes (\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST) were recovered. Four epidemiological patterns were observed. Multiple\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST were present in the population at any one time and household acquisition rates were high. Household acquisition was most commonly via 5- to 9-year-olds. Following acquisition, there was a 1 in 5 chance of secondary detection in the household. Throat detection of\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST was brief, usually &lt;2 months. The epidemiology of GAS in these remote Aboriginal communities is a highly dynamic process characterized by\n                    <jats:italic>emm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST diversity and turnover.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268807008655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T09:00:53Z","timestamp":1180602053000},"page":"529-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The dynamic nature of group A streptococcal epidemiology in tropical communities with high rates of rheumatic heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"M.\u00a0I.","family":"McDONALD","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.\u00a0J.","family":"TOWERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"ANDREWS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"BENGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"FAGAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0J.","family":"CURRIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0R.","family":"CARAPETIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.547-552.2006"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref024","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Streptococci\u00a0\u2013\u00a0New Insights into an Old Enemy","author":"Sharma","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499812"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112344"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/1.6.935"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref002","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Streptococcal Infections","author":"Wannamaker","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref032","first-page":"229","article-title":"The carrier state and type-specific immunity in streptococcal disease","volume":"114","author":"Dunlap","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80036-5"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref018","first-page":"16","article-title":"Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis in a remote community","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Northern Territory Diseases Control Bulletin"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000105180.76624.33"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref034","unstructured":"34.\u00a0 Kaplan E , Two year persistence of group A streptococci (GAS) in the throat accompanied by falling streptococcal antibody titers: the upper respiratory carrier state confirmed and microbiologically\/immunologically examined. Proceedings of the XVIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases. Palm Cove, Queensland, Australia, 2005."},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref039","first-page":"483","article-title":"Studies on the transmission within families of group A hemolytic streptococci","volume":"67","author":"Levine","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2171-2177.2002"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381452"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1995.0031"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113495"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109123251106"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.896"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1687-1690.2001"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199204000-00007"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref035","first-page":"347","article-title":"Studies on immunity to streptococcal infections in man","volume":"86","author":"Wannamaker","year":"1953","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197803000-00006"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1250-1254.2000","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of non-M-typeable group A Streptococcus isolates from a Thai population in northern Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Pruksakorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06415-7"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.4.953-958.1996","article-title":"Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci","volume":"34","author":"Beall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref019","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcal Infection","author":"Massell","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3290-3295.2001"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref038","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Illness in the Home: A Study of 25,000 Illnesses in a Group of Cleveland Families","author":"Dingle","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000190023.89759.96"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02715.x"},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref014","unstructured":"14.\u00a0 Carapetis JR . Ending the heartache: the epidemiology and control of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the Top End of the Northern Territory [Ph.D. Thesis]. Sydney: University of Sydney, 1998."},{"key":"S0950268807008655_ref027","unstructured":"27.\u00a0 Danchin MH . Disease burden and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in primary care in Australia. Department of Paediatrics [Ph.D. Thesis]. 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Accessed 2 January 2007."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268807008655","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1587553382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268807008655\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268807008655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268807008655","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]]}}}