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The AccuProbe<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>culture identification kits for<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>complex (MTC),<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>complex (MAC) and<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>were used to identify the isolates. Spoligotyping, IS<jats:italic>901<\/jats:italic>PCR and IS<jats:italic>1311<\/jats:italic>and IS<jats:italic>1245<\/jats:italic>restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to characterize the isolates. Of the 43 biopsies, ten<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>, seven<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, three<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>, and two<jats:italic>M. intracellulare<\/jats:italic>were isolated. Two isolates could not be identified with AccuProbe<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>and from 19 samples no mycobacteria could be isolated. Three isolates with the Beijing spoligotype were identified from the seven<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>isolates. The spoligopatterns of the<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>isolates had previously been detected in cattle in Uganda. Isolation of members of the MAC group reflects the complex interaction between the transhumant communities, water sources and their cattle. None of the<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>isolates harboured IS<jats:italic>901<\/jats:italic>, and all showed several bands on IS<jats:italic>1311<\/jats:italic>and IS<jats:italic>1245<\/jats:italic>RFLP, in accordance with<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>hominissuis<\/jats:italic>. Composite dendrograms of IS<jats:italic>1311<\/jats:italic>and IS<jats:italic>1245<\/jats:italic>RFLP showed that the isolates were similar and identical patterns were found. The isolation of<jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>confirms the human infection with zoonotic mycobacteria in areas where consumption of raw milk and meat is routine. Isolation of environmental mycobacteria also confirms their increasing role in human disease and the occupational risk of infection in the transhumant ecosystem in the absence of safe drinking water and environmental contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268807009004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]],"date-time":"2007-06-29T09:55:24Z","timestamp":1183110924000},"page":"636-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Mycobacteria causing human cervical lymphadenitis in pastoral communities in the Karamoja region of 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