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Arctic-1 viruses circulate in Ontario, Arctic-2 viruses circulate in Siberia and Alaska, Arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage Arctic-4 circulates locally in Alaska. The oldest available isolates from Siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 lineages and share 98\u00b76\u201399\u00b72% N gene identity with contemporary viruses. Two lineages of Arctic-like viruses were identified in southern Asia and the Middle East (Arctic-like-1) and eastern Asia (Arctic-like-2). A time-scaled tree demonstrates that the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Arctic and Arctic-like viruses is dated between 1255 and 1786. Evolution of the Arctic viruses has occurred through a northerly spread. The Arctic-like-2 lineage diverged first, whereas Arctic viruses share a TMRCA with Arctic-like-1 viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026880700903x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]],"date-time":"2007-06-29T09:56:31Z","timestamp":1183110991000},"page":"509-519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary 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