{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T22:12:10Z","timestamp":1769811130200,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]],"date-time":"2007-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185753600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is more than 25 years since the first case of AIDS was reported in the United Kingdom. In December 1981 a gay man was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections indicative of immunosuppression. National surveillance began the following year, in September 1982, with the notification of deaths and clinical reports of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma plus laboratory reports of opportunistic infections. Since then epidemiological surveillance systems have evolved, adapting to, and taking advantage of advances in treatments and laboratory techniques. The introduction of the HIV antibody test in 1984 led to the reporting of HIV-positive tests by laboratories and the establishment of an unlinked anonymous survey in 1990 measuring undiagnosed HIV infection among gay men attending sexual health clinics. The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) since 1996 has averted many deaths among HIV-positive gay men and has also resulted in a large reduction in AIDS cases. This led to a need for an enumeration of gay men with HIV accessing NHS treatment and care services (1995 onwards), more clinical information on HIV diagnoses for epidemiological surveillance (2000 onwards) and the routine monitoring of drug resistance (2001 onwards). Twenty-five years after the first case of AIDS was reported, gay and bisexual men remain the group at greatest risk of acquiring HIV in the United Kingdom. Latest estimates suggest that in 2004, 26 500 gay and bisexual men were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, a quarter of whom were undiagnosed. In this review, we examine how national surveillance systems have evolved over the past 25 years in response to the changing epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS among gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom as well as advances in laboratory techniques and medical treatments. We also reflect on how they will need to continue evolving to effectively inform health policy in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268807009120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]],"date-time":"2007-07-30T06:52:32Z","timestamp":1185778352000},"page":"145-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["HIV in gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom: 25 years of public health surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"DOUGAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.\u00a0G.","family":"EVANS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"MACDONALD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.\u00a0J.","family":"GOLDBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.\u00a0N.","family":"GILL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.\u00a0A.","family":"FENTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"ELFORD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7294.1087"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000149848.03733.c1"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.3.185"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.4.242"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000260919.34598.5b"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref092","article-title":"HIV Drug Resistance in the United Kingdom: data to end of 2004","volume":"16","year":"2006","journal-title":"Communicable Disease Report"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200401230-00016"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38665.534595.55"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref088","first-page":"11","article-title":"Is HIV incidence increasing in homo\/bisexual men attending STI clinics in England, Wales and Northern Ireland?","volume":"7","author":"Murphy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commuicable Disease and Public Health"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref067","unstructured":"67.\u00a0British HIV Association (BHIVA). Mortality Audit 2006. BHIVA, October 2006 (www.bhiva.org)."},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref066","unstructured":"66.\u00a0 Ciancio BC , Trends in mortality and causes of death among HIV-infected individuals diagnosed in the UK: 1993\u20132004. XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada, 13\u201318 August 2006."},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199908200-00014"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref061","first-page":"R51","article-title":"The surveillance of HIV-1 infection and AIDS in England and Wales","volume":"1","year":"1991","journal-title":"Communicable Disease Report. CDR Review"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199908150-00007"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91405-8"},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref060","unstructured":"60.\u00a0EuroHIV. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe. Mid-year report 2005. 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November 2004."},{"key":"S0950268807009120_ref003","unstructured":"3.\u00a0 Dodds JP , Mercey DE . Sexual Health Survey of Gay Men\u00a0\u2013\u00a0London 2003. 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No time to wait: the importance of early diagnosis of HIV. From Health Check, CMO annual report 2003 (http:\/\/www.publications.doh.gov.uk\/cmo\/annualreport2003\/notime.htm). 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