{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:24:30Z","timestamp":1768965870415,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]],"date-time":"2007-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1186617600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are only 10 contemporary, population-based studies of typhoid fever that\n                    evaluate disease incidence using blood culture for confirmation of cases.\n                    Reported incidence ranged from 13 to 976\/100 000 persons per year.\n                    These studies are likely to have been done preferentially in high- incidence\n                    sites which makes generalization of data difficult. Only five of these studies\n                    reported mortality. Of these the median (range) mortality\n                    was 0%\n                    (0\u20131\u00b78%). Since study\n                    conditions usually involved enhanced clinical management of patients and the\n                    studies were not designed to evaluate mortality as an outcome, their usefulness\n                    for generalizing case-fatality rates is uncertain. No contemporary\n                    population-based studies reported rates of complications. Hospital-based typhoid\n                    fever studies reported median (range) complication rates\n                    of 2\u00b78%\n                    (0\u00b76\u20134\u00b79%) for\n                    intestinal perforation and case-fatality rates of 2\u00b70%\n                    (0\u201314\u00b78%). Rates of\n                    complications other than intestinal perforation were not reported in\n                    contemporary hospital-based studies. Hospital-based studies capture information\n                    on the most severe illnesses among persons who have access to health-care\n                    services limiting their generalizability. Only two studies have informed the\n                    current understanding of typhoid fever age distribution curves. Extrapolation\n                    from population-based studies suggests that most typhoid fever occurs among\n                    young children in Asia. To reduce gaps in the current understanding of typhoid\n                    fever incidence, complications, and case-fatality rate, large population-based\n                    studies using blood culture confirmation of cases are needed in representative\n                    sites, especially in low and medium human development index countries outside\n                    Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268807009338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]],"date-time":"2007-08-09T09:46:50Z","timestamp":1186652810000},"page":"436-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Part I. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i> serotype Typhi infections in low and medium\n                    human development index countries, 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