{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T05:52:37Z","timestamp":1719121957664},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,6]],"date-time":"2008-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1204761600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The efforts of the Metropolitan Asylums Board in Victorian London to isolate cases of smallpox in hospitals, and so limit its spread, set off a controversy about \u2018hospital influence\u2019, i.e. alleged escapes of the disease into the neighbourhood. When, in 1870, the Board began to gather cases of smallpox into its new intra-urban isolation hospitals, nearby householders resisted, and in 1881 their fear of aerial transmission was endorsed by a government medical inspector, W.\u00a0H. Power. Not all agreed with Power, but as a result from 1885 the Board removed almost all known cases of smallpox in London to hospital ships moored in the Thames Estuary. The ships failed to provide adequate and secure accommodation, however, and so Board smallpox hospitals were erected on the adjacent Dartford marshes. After 1903, there being no more smallpox epidemics in Britain, these isolation hospitals and many similar ones outside other towns and cities were little used for their main intended purpose. Their retention for many years thereafter can be seen as an application of the precautionary principle; it bears on current contingency plans in Britain and elsewhere for dealing with serious epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268808000459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,6]],"date-time":"2008-03-06T14:04:02Z","timestamp":1204812242000},"page":"1297-1305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ridding London of smallpox: the aerial transmission debate and the evolution of a precautionary approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"P.\u00a0P.","family":"MORTIMER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.10.014"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref026","unstructured":"26.\u00a0Department of Health. Memorandum on the control of outbreaks of smallpox. London: HMSO, 1964."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref002","volume-title":"England's First State Hospitals and the Metropolitan Asylums Board 1867\u20131930","author":"Ayers","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref025","volume-title":"Smallpox and its Diffusion","author":"Collie","year":"1912"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref015","first-page":"38","article-title":"The aerial convection of smallpox from hospitals","volume":"13","author":"McVail","year":"1894","journal-title":"Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref004","volume-title":"London in the Nineteenth Century","author":"White","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70029-4"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577306601020","article-title":"The Long Reach hospital ships and Miss Willis","volume":"66","author":"Burne","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref012","first-page":"50","article-title":"Record of cases treated in hospital during the smallpox epidemic in West Ham in 1884 and 1885","volume":"6","author":"Moir","year":"1887","journal-title":"Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref014","first-page":"129","article-title":"The influence of smallpox hospitals","volume":"ii","author":"Seaton","year":"1882","journal-title":"Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300042599"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300062694"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref021","first-page":"143","article-title":"On the spread of smallpox occasioned by smallpox hospitals during the epidemic period, 1900\u201304 and its relation to atmospheric convection","volume":"24","author":"Buchanan","year":"1904","journal-title":"Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref016","unstructured":"16.\u00a0Medical Officer's Report. Memorandum on the provision of Isolation Hospital accommodation by Local Authorities. Report of the Medical Officer to the Local Government Board, appx A1, 1895."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref007","unstructured":"7.\u00a0 Power WH . On the influence of the Fulham Smallpox Hospital on the neighbourhood surrounding it. Tenth Annual report of the Local Government Board, 1880\u201381. London: HMSO, reissued 1901."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref024","unstructured":"24.\u00a0 Ricketts TF . Report of the medical superintendent of the smallpox hospitals for the year 1913, no. 11, Joyce Green Hospital Metropolitan Asylums Board Annual Report F, 1913."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref020","first-page":"618","article-title":"The smallpox epidemic in Orsett Union, Essex, 1901\u201302","volume":"I","year":"1903","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref023","volume-title":"English Hospitals, 1660\u20131948","author":"Richardson","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref011","volume-title":"How to Diagnose Smallpox","author":"Wanklyn","year":"1913"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref022","unstructured":"22.\u00a0. Report on smallpox and smallpox hospitals at Liverpool, 1902\u201303. Annual Report to the Local Govt Board, appx A10."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)91213-X"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref010","volume-title":"Dartford's Capital River","author":"Burne","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref001","unstructured":"1.\u00a0Royal Commission. A report on vaccination and it results based on the evidence taken by the Royal Commission, 1889\u20131897. Vol. 1, the text. London: New Sydenham Society, 1898."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref003","volume-title":"A Proposal to Stamp out Smallpox and Other Contagious Diseases","author":"Simpson","year":"1868"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref009","volume-title":"Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Respecting Smallpox and Fever Hospitals","year":"1882"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref008","unstructured":"8.\u00a0 Power WH . Further observation (1884\u201385) of influence of Fulham Hospital, Appx A8, and later observation (1881\u201384), Appx A11. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Local Government Board 1885\u20131886. London: HMSO, reissued 1901."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref013","unstructured":"13.\u00a0Report by Power W.\u00a0H. . Appendix to reference I2. Mr Power's report to the Board of Guardians of West Ham on Smallpox at West Ham."},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref018","first-page":"20","article-title":"Smallpox hospitals and the spread of infection","volume":"23","author":"Thresh","year":"1902","journal-title":"Transactions of the Epidemiological Society of London"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009920"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref031","first-page":"1245","article-title":"The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital","volume":"168","author":"Maunder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref029","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases","author":"Christie","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0950268808000459_ref019","volume-title":"Fifty Years in Public Health","author":"Newsholme","year":"1935"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0950268808000459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T17:59:38Z","timestamp":1588442378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0950268808000459\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950268808000459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0950268808000459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,6]]}}}