{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:25:29Z","timestamp":1758633929493},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,24]],"date-time":"2008-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222214400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Livestock herbivores are at risk of inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites\/pathogens via the faecal\u2013oral route during grazing. Each contact between livestock and faeces in the environment is a potential parasite\/pathogen transmission event. Cattle grazing contact with faeces varies in relation to the species depositing the faeces and the distribution of the faeces. We used a foraging model to simulate the grazing behaviour of beef cattle in two grazing systems to compare the relative inter-specific and intra-specific exposure risks to parasites\/pathogens. Overall, there is a greater level of intra-<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. inter-specific risk via the faecal\u2013oral route. However, under certain conditions, particularly for microparasite infections, e.g. paratuberculosis in rabbits and bovine tuberculosis in badgers, wildlife may pose a significant exposure risk to parasites\/pathogens. These risks can be enhanced when cattle are first turned out onto pasture and in situations where intra-specific variations in wildlife behaviour result in more dispersed defecation patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268808001313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,24]],"date-time":"2008-09-24T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1222248972000},"page":"630-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inter- and intra-specific exposure to parasites and pathogens via the faecal\u2013oral route: a consequence of behaviour in a patchy environment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"L. A.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"MARION","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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