{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:47:51Z","timestamp":1791143271206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since 2003, Connecticut laboratories have reported Gram-positive rod (GPR) isolates detected within 32 h of inoculation from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. The objectives were to rapidly identify inhalational anthrax and unusual <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp. infections, and to establish round-the-clock laboratory reporting of potential indicators of bioterrorism. From 2003 to 2006, Connecticut's GPR surveillance system identified 1134 isolates, including 657 <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. (none <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>) and 241 <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp. Reporting completeness and timeliness improved to 93% and 92%, respectively. Baseline rates of <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp. and other GPR findings have been established and are stable. Thus far, no cases of anthrax and no unusual clusters of <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> spp. have been detected by the GPR surveillance system. This system would probably have confirmed the inhalational anthrax case in Pennsylvania in 2006 3 days sooner than traditional reporting. Using audits and ongoing evaluation, the system has evolved into a highly functional 24\/7 laboratory telephone reporting system with almost complete reporting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268809002581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T10:03:06Z","timestamp":1240826586000},"page":"1623-1630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"MLYNARSKI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"RABATSKY-EHR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"PETIT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"PURVIANCE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"MSHAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. M.","family":"BEGIER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"JOHNSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"HADLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-11-978"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020728"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reportable diseases and laboratory findings, 2004","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Connecticut Epidemiologist"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068474"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref021","unstructured":"21. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement EC-04-EC: Collaborative planning for development and implementation of bioterrorism-related surveillance systems for public health 2004 (http:\/\/www.cste.org\/ps\/pssearch\/2004final\/04-EC-04-final.pdf#search=[bioterrorism]). Accessed 11 January 2008."},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref022","volume-title":"Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, And Response","author":"Smolinski","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref013","unstructured":"13. McBride MT , Dzentis JM , Meyer RM . BioWatch in a box [technical report]. University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Report UCRL-TR-218632. Livermore, California, USA: 3 February 2006 (http:\/\/www.teleologic.net\/osdb\/daily\/pdf\/1245\/11_01_06_biowatch_in_a_box.pdf). Accessed 30 November 2007."},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref019","unstructured":"19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI). CLSI document M47-A. Principles and procedures for blood cultures; approved guideline (http:\/\/www.clsi.org\/source\/orders\/free\/m47-A.pdf). Accessed 15 August 2008."},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref015","first-page":"175","article-title":"Three years of emergency gastrointestinal syndromic surveillance in New York City: what have we found? In: Syndromic Surveillance: Reports from a National Conference, 2004","volume":"54","author":"Balter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref020","unstructured":"20. Pennsylvania Department of Health. List of reportable diseases (http:\/\/www.dsf.health.state.pa.us\/health\/cwp\/view.asp?A=171&Q=230520). Accessed 21 September 2007."},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353"},{"key":"S0950268809002581_ref012","first-page":"11","article-title":"BioSense: implementation of a national early event detection and situational awareness system. 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